CRAWFORD 190 CREATINE 1807 (fighting two duels during the can- vass) ; was re-elected for a full term in 1811; was chosen president of the Senate pro tern, in 1812; and, refusing the sec- retaryship of war, was appointed minis- ter to France in 1813. Two years later he was appointed Secretary of War, and the next year became Secretary of the Treasury, and held the latter office till March, 1825. He was urged as a candi- date for the Presidency several times, re- ceived the nomination in 1824, and in the election had 41 electoral votes. No choice for President having been reached, the election was decided in the House of Rep- resentatives, but meanwhile Crawford had been stricken with paralysis, which precluded his effectual candidacy. He died Sept. 15, 1834. CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HENRY, an American educator; bom in Wilton Center, 111., in 1855. He graduated from Northwestern University in 1884. After studying at the Garrett Biblical Institute he was ordained to the Methodist minis- try in 1884. After serving in several pastorates, he was appointed professor of historical theology at the Gammon Theological Seminary of Atlanta, serving from 1889 to 1893. In the latter year he became president of the Allegheny Col- lege. He lectured widely on historical subjects and was a frequent contributor to magazines and newspapers. He was a trustee of the Carnegie Foundation, a member of the Federation for Social Service and other organizations, and the author of "Life of Savonarola" (1906) ; "The Church and the Slums" (1908); "The American College" (1915). Dur- ing the World War he was National War Work Council secretary of the Y. M. C. A. CRAWFORDSVILLE, a city and county-seat of Montgomery co., Ind. ; on the Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati and St. Louis, the Vandalia, the New York Central, and the Chicago, Indianapolis and St. Louis railroads; 44 miles W. of Indianapolis. It is the trade center of an extensive agricultural region. It is the seat of Wabash College, and has foundries, planing and flour mills, elec- tric lights, water works, high school, daily and weekly newspapers, 3 National banks, etc. Pop. (1910) 9,371; (1920) lUjioy, CRAYON, a colored pencil consisting of a cylinder of fine pipe-clay colored with a pigment. Crayons are said to have been made in France in 1422. In lithography, a composition formed as a pencil, and used for drawing upon lithographic stones. CREAM, the most oily part of milk. It is specifically lighter than the other constituents, and therefore rises to the surface, whence it is generally skimmed to be used as an adjunct in making tea and coffee palatable, to be eaten with various fruits, or for other purposes. In chemistry, hydrogen potassium tar- tarate (KHC4H4O6), a salt obtained from the crude tartar, or argol, which is de- posited on the side of wine casks during the fermentation of grape juice. It is a gritty white powder which forms small rhombic prisms, is sparingly soluble in water, and insoluble in alcohol. Heated in a crucible it evolves inflammable gas and the odor of burned sugar, and leaves a black residue of charcoal and potas- sium carbonate. In small doses it is a refrigerant and diuretic ; in large doses a powerful hydragogue purgative. It is given, mixed with jalap, as a purgative in cases of dropsy, and is used as a drink in febrile affections. CREASY, SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD (kre-se), an English historian; born at Bexley, Kent, in 1812. He was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow in 1834. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1827, and was for about 20 years a member of the home circuit. In 1840 he was appointed Professor of History at the London University, and in 1860 was made Chief Justice of Ceylon, re- ceiving at the same time the honor of knighthood. His principal works are: "The Rise and Progress of the British Constitution," and "The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World." He died Jan. 27, 1878. CREATINE, methyl-glycocyamine. Methyl-guanido-acetic acid, CiHgNsOz + mo. or HN=Cj^((^jj )_(.jj^(.Q Qjj. Creatine is obtained from the muscular flesh of mammalia, birds, reptiles, and fishes. It has been found in the blood and urine, and brains of pigeons and dogs. It is obtained by chopping up the lean muscular flesh, removing the fat, and rubbing it with water and pressing it; the liquid is heated in a water-bath to coagulate the albumen, then strained; to the filtrate baryta-water is added, so long as it gives a precipitate, the filtrate con- centrated on a water-bath, the crystals, which separate, decolorized by animal charcoal and re-crystallized from water. Creatine crystallizes in rhombic needles containing one molecule of water, which is driven off at 100°. The water solution has a bitter taste, and is neutral to litmus. It gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate, which is soluble in potash. After a time the solution solidifies to a transparent gelatinous mass, which is re-
