CLARKE 9 CLAUDE LORRAINE and "Vexed Questions" (1886). He died in Boston, Mass., June 8, 1888. CLARKE, JAMES P., an American lawyer and public official; born in Yazoo City, Miss., Aug. 18, 1854. He was grad- uated in the law department of the University of Virginia in 1878, and shortly after entered politics. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1886 and 1887, and to the State Senate in 1888, of which body he was President in 1891. In 1893-1894 he was Attorney-Gen- eral of the State, and in January, 1895, was inaugurated Governor after a spir- ited triangular contest. In 1903-1909 he was United States Senator, and was re-elected in 1908 and 1914. For several years he was Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce, and the rank- ing Democratic member of the Foreign Relations and Military Affairs Commit- tees. He died in 1916. CLARKE, JOHN HESSIN, an Ameri- can jurist, born at Lisbon, 0., in 1857. He graduated from the Western Reserve University in 1877, and was admitted to the bar in the following year. After some general practice, he was employed as genei'al counsel of several railroads. He was appointed United States district judge for the Northern District of Ohio, from 1914 to 1916, when he became asso- ciate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. CLARKE, MARY COWDEN, an Eng- lish story-writer, essayist, and Shakes- pearean scholar; born in London, June 22, 1809. She married Charles Cowden Clarke, with whom she wrote the "Shake- speare Key" and compiled an edition of Shakespeare's plays. Her own "Com- plete Concordance" is universally known Among her novels are: "A Rambling Story" and "The Iron Cousin." "World- Noted Women" contains biographical Studies. She died in Italy, Jan. 12, 1898. CLARKE, SAMUEL, an English theo- logical and philosophical writer; born in Norwich, in 1675; educated at Caius Col- lege, Cambridge. He became chaplain to Dr. More, bishop of Norwich, and be- tween 1699 and 1701 published "Essays on Baptism, Confirmation, and Repent- ance," replied to Toland's "Amyntor," and issued a paraphrase of the Gospels. He was then presented with two livings, and in 1704 and 1705 twice delivered the Boyle lectures at Oxford. In 1706 he published "Immortality of the Soul," and a Latin version of Newton's "Optics." He was appointed rector of St. James's, London, and chaplain to Queen Anne. In 1712 he edited Csesar's "Commenta- ries," and published his "Scripture Doc- trine of the Trinity." His chief subse- quent productions were his discussions with Leibnitz and Collins on the "Free- dom of the Will," his Latin version of part of the "Iliad," and a considerable number of sermons. His philosophic fame rests on his a priori argument for the existence of God, his theory of the nature and obligation of virtue as con- formity to certain relations involved in the eternal fitness of things, and his op- position to Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, Leib- nitz, and others. He died in 1729. CLARKSBURG, a city of West Vir- ginia, the county-seat of Harrison co. It is on the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Monongahela Traction Co. railroads, and on the Monongahela river. The city has important manufacturing industries, in- cluding the manufacture of chemicals, fire brick, bottles, tableware, iron and tin plate, etc. It has an Elks' Home, and three hospitals, and is the center of an important coal, oil, and natural gas re- gion. Pop. (1910) 9,201; (1920) 27,869. CLARKSVILLE, a city and county- seat of Montgomery co., Tenn., on the Cumberland and Red rivers, and the Louisville and Nashville and the Tennes- see Central railroads, 50 miles N. W. of Nashville. It is the center of the great "dark tobacco belt," and has many to- bacco factories. It is the seat of the Southwestern Presbyterian University (1874), and the State Odd Fellows' Home; has several manufactories, daily and weekly newspapers, a female acad- emy, high and graded public schools, 2 National banks, etc. Pop. (1910) 8,548; (1920) 8,110. CLARK UNIVERSITY, an institution at Worcester, Mass., founded in 1887 by Jonas Gilman Clark, and devoted ex- clusively to post-graduate work. At the close of the school year 1919 the uni- versity reported: professors, 21; stu- dents, 106; volumes in the library, 85,000; president, G. Stanley Hall, LL. D. CLAUDE LORRAINE, a landscape- painter whose real name was Claude Gelee, but who was called Lorraine from the province where he was born in 1600. When 12 years old he went to live with his brother, an engraver in wood at Frei- burg, went from him to study under Godfrey Watts at Naples, and was after- ward employed at Rome by the painter Agostino Tassi, to grind his colors and do the household drudgery. On leaving Tassi he traveled in Italy, France, and Germany, but settled in 1627 in Rome, where his works were greatly sought for, and where he lived much at his ease until 1682, when he died of gout. The principal galleries of Italy, France, Eng-
