CURFEW LAWS 224 CURLING original time for ringing it was 8 o'clock p. M. In a few places in England the custom is still kept up of ringing a bell at 9 o'clock P. M., and the old name is retained. CURFEW LAWS, in the United States, laws intended to keep young people off the streets after a certain hour at night. CURIA, anciently one of the 30 di- visions of the Roman people, which Rom- ulus is said to have established; also the place of assembly for each of these divi- sions. The comitia curiata was the as- sembly of the people in curias. CURIA, PAPAL, in its stricter sense the authorities which administer the Papal primacy; in its common wider use all the authorities and functionaries forming the Papal court. The different branches of the curia having respect to church government are the sacred con- gregation of cardinals, the secretariat of state, and the vicariate of Rome, the machinery employed being supplied by the chancery, the dataria, and the camera apostolica. As "supreme judge" in Chris- tendom the Pope acts through special congregations and delegated judges, or through the regular tribunals of the rota and segnatura, and the penitenziaria. The institution of the Papal Chapel and the household of the Pope are also classed as departments of the curia; and finally the functionaries maintaining the external relations of the Pope — legates, nuncios, apostolic delegates, etc. For- merly the curia included besides these the mechanism and functions of secular administration. CURIE, MARIE SKLODOWSKA, a French scientist. She was bom at War- saw, 1867, and was educated at the Lycee de Varsovie, and later at the Sor bonne. Faculty des Sciences, Paris. She gradu- ated in physical science, and mathem.atics and received the degree of Licenciee in both departments, as well as that of Doc- teur des Sciences. In 1910 she received the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts. She has been professor at the Ecole Normale Sup^rieure at Sevres and since 1919 has been professor of Radiol- ogy at Warsaw. During 1920 it was made known that she had made further discov- eries in the direction of the use of radium in the treatment of disease. Her works include: "Recherches sur les proprietes magnetiques des aciers trempes"; "Re- cherches sur les substances radioactives." CURIE, PIERRE a French scientist. He was bom in Paris in 1859, and re- ceived his education in the schools of his native city, showing an early bent toward the study of physics in which he experi- mented with profitable results. When 36 years oU he became professor of physics at the Ecole municipale de chimie et de physique. The investigations of himself and his wife (Curie, Marie Sklodow- SKA, q. V.) in 1869 resulted in the discov- ery first of polonium and then of radium. This latter discovery brought them world- wide celebrity and they received many prizes and honors. In 1904 M. Curie became professor of physics at the Sor- bonne, and in 1905 was elected to the In- stitute de France. He was run over and killed in a street in Paris in 1906. MME. CURIE CURLEW, a wading bird, Numenius- urquatus, of the family Scolopacidas (Snipes). Male of a bright ash color on the head and breast, here and there clouded with red, white on the belly, and spotted. Female more ash-colored, the red less pure. It is found in most parts of the world. In Scotland it is called the whaup. It lays a large egg, olive-green and spotted with dark green and brown. There are several American species. CURLING, a game of Scotch origin, played on ice with various shaped stones, fitted with handles or grips. Whei-ever Scotchmen wander they take their "chan- nel-stanes" with them, and at the first
