CYCLOPEDIA 234 CYCLOPEDIA discourse by a system of cross references. It was a French translation by John Mills of Chambers' "Cyclopaedia" which originally formed the basis of that fam- ous "Encyclopedie" which, becoming in the hands of D'Alembert and Diderot the organ of the most advanced and revolu- tionary opinions of the time, was the object of the most violent persecution by the conservative party in Church and State, and suffered egregious mutilations at the hands not only of hostile censors but of timorous printers. Appearing at Paris in 28 vols, between 1751 and 1772, it was followed by a supplement in 5 vols. (Amst. 1776-1777), and an analy- tical index in 2 vols. (Paris, 1780). Vol- taire's "Questions sur I'Encyclopedie" (1770) was a kind of critical appendix. La Porte's "Esprit de I'Encyclopedie" (Paris, 1768), gave a resume of the more important articles, and under the same title Hennequin compiled a similar epi- tome (Paris, 1822-1823). Numerous editions of the whole work, more or less expurgated or recast, were issued outside of France; and many minor encyclopae- dias, such as Macquer's "Dictionnaire Portatif des Arts et Metiers (1766), Barrow's "New and Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences" (1 vol. fol. 1753), and Croker, Williams, and Clerk's "Com- plete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences" (3 vols. fol. 1766), were to a considerable extent quarried out of their massive pre- decessor, or molded according to the method expounded by D'Alembert in his preliminary dissertation. Between 1768 and 1771 there appeared at Edinburgh in 3 vols. 4to the first edi- tion of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," which was from the beginning a kind of compromise between the alphabetical and the scientific distribution of subjects. Co- lin Macfarquhar, Andrew Bell, and William Smellie share the credit of the plan. Biographical and historical art- icles were first introduced in the 2d edi- tion (10 vols. 4to 1776-1784). It was re- vised in 1907. During the period that the "Encyclopae- dia Britannica" has been growing from edition to edition, numerous important encyclopaedias have appeared in English — the "Edinburgh Encyclopaedia" (18 vols. 1810-1830), edited by Sir David Brewster; Wilkes's "Encyclopaedia Lon- dinensis (24 vols. 4to. Lond. 1810-1829) ; "Encyclopaedia Perthensis" (23 vols. Edin. 1816), a striking proof of the en- ergy of its compilers, Aitchison of Edin- burgh and Morison of Perth; the "En- cyclopaedia Metropolitana"(30 vols. 1818- 1845), arranged, according to a philoso- phic plan by Coleridge, in four divisions: (1) pure sciences, (2) mixed and applied sciences, (3) biography and history, and (4) miscellaneous and lexicographic ar- ticles; the "Penny Cyclopaedia" edited by Charles Knight for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (29 vols., 2 supplemental, 1833-1846) ; and the "English Cyclopaedia" (22 vols. 1853- 1861; a synoptical index, 1862; four supp. vols. 1869-1873), founded on thf copyright of the "Penny Cyclopaedia? but rearranged in four divisions — viz, geography, natural history, biography, and arts and sciences. The cyclopaedia now knov^m as Brock- haus' "Conversations - Lexicon," which was started by Lobel at Leipsic, in 1796, and passed into the hands of F. A. Brockhaus in 1808, gave a great impetus to the production of similar works. It is still one of the most popular of Ger- man encyclopaedias. Its principal rivals are Pierer's, and Meyer's "Konversa- tions-Lexikon." The former (Altenburg, 1822-1836, 26 vols, with 14 supplemental vols. 1840-1856), which had somewhat fallen out of date, reappeared in 12 vols, in 1888-1893; while the latter has become in completeness and compression the best work of its kind (1st ed. 15 vols. Leop. 1857-1860), a striking characteristic be- ing the free use made of maps, tabular conspectuses, woodcuts, and lithographic illustrations. The Brockhaus "Lexikon" became the basis, m.ore or less entirely, of cyclopaedias in most of the civilized languages of Europe — "Encyclopaedia Espaiiola" (Madrid, 1848-1851) ; "Nuova Enciclopedia Popolare Italiana" (Turin, 1841-1851) ; "Nordisk Conversations-Lex- ikon (5 vols. Copenhagen, 1858-1863; 3d edition, 1883, etc.). Four English works were professedly founded on it — "Ency- clopjedia Americana" (14 vols. Phila. 1829-1846) ; "New American Cyclopae- dia" (16 vols. New York, 1858-1864), edited by Ripley and Dana, and fre- quently quoted as "Appleton's" from the name of the publisher; the "Popular Cy- clopaedia" (7 vols. Glasgow, new ed., 1883) ; and "Chambers' Encyclopaedia" (10 vols. Edin., 1860-1868, edited by Dr. Andrew Findlater; new ed. 10 vols., edited by David Patrick, 1888-1892). Other cyclopaedias are: "Zell's Popular Encyclopaedia" (3 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1871) ; Colange, "National Encyclopae- dia" (New York, 1872, etc.) ; "American Dictionary and Cyclopedia" (10 vols. 8vo, New York and Chicago, 1900); "John- son's Universal Cyclopaedia" (4 vols. New York, 1874-1878; new ed. 8 vols. 1890- 1895; 12 vols., 1900) ; New International Encyclopaedia, revised in 1914 (22 vols.) ; "Imperial Reference Library" (6 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1898); "Appleton's Cyclo- psedia of American Biography" (6 vols. 8vo, New York, 1885-1887); Heck and Baird, "Iconographic Encyclopaedia" (4
