COLLYER 63 COLOMBIA true or false, to the injury of a third party. Collusion, when proved to exist, nullifies the judgment obtained through it. COLLYER, ROBERT, an American clergyman; born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823. He came to the United States in 1849, being then a Wes- leyan preacher and a blacksmith; but became a Unitarian, and preached some years in Chicago, where he founded Unity Church in 1860. He was made pastor of the Church of the Messiah, New York City, in September, 1879, and pastor emeritus in 1896. Included in his publications are: "Nature and Life" (1866) ; "The Life that Now Is" (1871) ; "Lectures to Young Men and Women" (1886); "A Man in Earnest"; "Clear Grit" (1914). His "Life and Letters" edited by J. H. Holmes was published in 1917. Died in November, 1912. COLLYRIDIANS, a sect toward the close of the 4th century, so denominated from the little cakes which they offered to the Virgin Mary. The sect consisted chiefly of Arabian women, who met on a certain day of the year to celebrate a solemn feast and to render divine honors to the Virgin as to a goddess, eating the cakes which they oflPered in her name. While pagans they had been accustomed to offer similar cakes to Venus or Astarte. COLMAN, GEORGE, the Elder, an English dramatist; bom in Florence, Italy, April 28, 1732. "The Deuce Is in Him," "New Brooms," "The Separate Maintenance," and several other come- dies, proclaimed him a man of wit. He died in London, Aug. 14, 1794. COLOCASIA, a genus of plants, order Aracese. The leaves of the colocasia are peltate, the stem herbaceous, the juice milky, the rootstocks tuberous. India is the home of the genus, though species are now cultivated in most hot countries. The rootstocks of C. himaletisis form a chief portion of the food of some hill tribes. C. antiquonim, called by Linnaeus Arum C, the best known species, is cul- tivated in India, Egypt, etc., for its leaves, which though acrid are boiled till they are wholesome, and eaten as spin- ach. It has been introduced into green- houses. The stems and the tubers of C. indica are eaten in Brazil. The root- stocks of C. esculenta macrorhiza, called "tara" or "kopeh" in the South Sea Islands, are used as food. The leaves of C. esculenta have a quivering motion at uncertain intervals every day. COLOCYNTH, the pith of the bitter apple; the fruit of the Citridhis Colocyn- ^^h^^s, which is violently purgative. It is imported dried, and generally peeled, from Turkey, and is rarely used alone. One of the most valuable purgatives is the compound extract of Colocynth, which is a combination of this drug with aloes, scammony, cardamom seeds, and soap. In large doses, Colocynth is an irritant poison. COLOGNE (k5-lon'), German, Koln (keuln), a city of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, forming, in connection with Deutz, which serves as a tete-du-pont of the opposite side of the river (across which are several bridges), a fortress of the first rank. The most important edifice is the cathedral, begun in 1248, one of the finest and largest Gothic structures in Europe. It was only completed in the 19th century, there being expended on it in 1828-1884 over $5,000,000. It is in the form of a cross; its entire length is about 445 feet; breadth, 200 feet; height to ridge of roof, 202 feet; height of the two western towers, between which is a grand poi'tal, 520 feet, being thus among the highest edifices in the world. The council-house, museum, and Gross St, Martin Church vnth its imposing tower should also be mentioned. The manufac- tures before the World War embraced sugar, tobacco, glue, carpets, leather, machinery, chemicals, pianos, and the celebrated Eau de Cologne. The trade by river and railway was very great. Cologne was occupied by the British Army of Occupation following the ar- mistice of November, 1918. Cologne is of pre-Christian origin, and was originally called Oppidum TJhiomm, being the chief town of the Ubii, a Ger- man tribe. The Romans made it a colony A. D. 51, and called it Colonia Agripphm (whence the name Cologne). It was annexed to the German Empire in 870, and became one of the most power- ful and wealthy cities of the Hanseatic League, but latterly it declined. In 1792 it ceased to be a free city. It was taken by the French in 1794, ceded to them by the Treaty of Lun^ville in 1801, and an- nexed to Prussia in 1814. Pop. about 520,000. COLOGNE EARTH, a native pigment similar to the Vandyke brown in its uses and properties as a color. COLOMBIA, a Republic of South America; bounded on the N. by Panama and the Caribbean Sea; E. by Venezuela and Brazil; S. by Brazil and Ecuador; and W. by the Pacific Ocean; area, 513,938 square miles. Pop. about 5,- 000,000. Topography. — The surface of the country is extremely varied, with loftf
