FENN 116 F£)BrS£Ar British vessel, and made a raid into Can- ada, but were defeated by the volunteers and censured by President Johnson. In 1867 they unsuccessfully attempted an attack on Chester Castle in England, made other risings, and on Dec. 13 blew in the wall of Clerkenwell prison, killing and wounding a number of innocent people living in adjacent houses. A second Fenian raid into Canada took place in 1870, but was repelled by the militia. The basis for all the Fenian operations was America, where, in 1865, 600 Fenian representatives held a con- gress. First and last, many Fenians were captured and imprisoned by the British Government, most of whom were after a time released. The organization seemed to become dormant about 1874, and vari- ous persons who had been connected with it joined the "Invincibles," formed some years later for the purpose of assassinat- ing government officers or others obnoxi- ous to its members or its chiefs, but not much was known of this latter organiza- tion until the murder of Lord Cavendish called attention to them. FENN, GEORGE MANVILLE, an English story-writer; born in London, Jan. 3, 1831. He graduated from jour- nalism into fiction, gaining prominence by -'Eli's Children" (1882), a tale of clerical life; "The Golden Magnet" (1884), a story for boys; "The Master of the Ceremonies" (1886) ; "High Play" (1898) ; "A Woman Worth Winning" (1898) ; "Nic Revel" (1898) ; "The Sil- ver Salvers" (1898) ; "The King of the Bjach" (1899); etc. He died Aug. 27, 1909. FENN, HARRY, an American artist; born in Richmond, England, Sept. 14, 1838; removed to the United States in 1856 and later traveled extensively. He achieved great success as an illustrator of books, and v/as one of the founders of the American Watercolor Society. Some of his best work is contained in "Picturesque America"; "Picturesque Europe"; and "Picturesque Palestine." He died in 1911. FENNEC (Cards zerda) , a pretty little fox-like animal about 10 inches long, with a tail of about 5M inches. The fur is of a whitish hue, the cheeks large, and the snout sharp like that of a fox. The fennec is found in the whole of Africa. FENNEL FLOWERS {Nigella damas- cena) , named from the deeply-cut in- volucre of the flower which resembles the leaves of fennel. The name is also given Nigella sativa, an annual of the Ranun- eitlaceas. It has finely-cut leaves, with white, or Meht blue open flowers. The seeds are strongly aromatic, and are used in India for putting with woolen goods to keep away insects. In Palestine and Egypt they are used for flavoring curries. FENOLLOSA, MARY McNEILL, an American writer, using the pen name "Sidney McCall", born in Mobile, Ala. She was educated at the Irving Academy, Mobile, Ala. In 1894 she married Er- nest F. FenoUosa, who died in 1908. She traveled extensively in Europe and Japan, residing in the latter country for about eight years. She devoted much time to the study of Japanese life and characters. She wrote many volumes of verse and fiction, including Out of the Nest"; "A Flight of Verses" (1899); "The Dragon Painter" (1906); "The Breath of the Gods" (1906) ; "Blossoms from a Japanese Garden" (1915) ; "Christopher Laird" (1919). FEODOR I., IVANOVITCH (fa'6- dor) , the last czar of the dynasty of Ruric on the throne of Russia; bom May 11, 1557. He began his reign in 1584, and being weak, both in body and mind, assigned the government of his affairs to Goudonoff", who seems to have managed them with dexterity and vigor. In his reign the peasants of Muscovy were con- verted into serfs, and attached to the land. Previously they had enjoyed per- sonal liberty. The conquest of Siberia was achieved by Goudonoff, and many remarkable diplomatic relations with foreign courts were effected. He died Jan. 7, 1598. FEODOR III., Czar of Russia, and eldest brother of Peter the Great; born June 8, 1656. He ascended the throne when only 19 years of age, and evinced a strength of will and determination of character. His reign is rendered mem- orable on account of his calling into his presence the Muscovite nobles, who deso- lated the country with bi'oils about their claims of family precedence, and throw- ing the rolls of the Razriad or "Ar- rangement," into the fire. The genealogi- cal records, which did not relate to claims of precedence, were preserved and prop- erly arranged, in accordance with his will. He died in Moscow, April 27, 1682. FERBER, EDNA, an American writer, born in Kalamazoo, Mich., in 1887. She was educated in the public and high schools of Appleton, Wis., and at the age of 17 began newspaper work, which she continued in Milwaukee and Chicago. She then devoted her attention to short-story writing. Her character sketches in magazines became widely popular. Her books include "Dawn O'Hara' (1911) ; "Buttered Side Down"
