FISH CULTURE X42 FISHER 1776; was promoted major of the 2d New York Regiment in November of that year; participated in the battles at Saratoga in 1777; led a corps of light infantry in the battle of Monmouth ; and otherwise distinguished himself during the Revolutionary War. He was made adjutant-general of New York in 1786; supervisor of United States revenue in 1794, and president of the New York State Cincinnati Society in 1797. He died in New York City, June 20, 1833. FISH CULTURE, or PISCICULTURE, the artificial propagation of fish to off- set the destructive effect of fisheries. The art of fish fertilization is compara- tively new. In 1763 Stephen L. Jacobi of Westphalia, Germany, devised the process now in use of stripping the ova from the female fish and mixing them with milt taken from the male. In 1850 the first government fish culture station was established in Huningue, Alsace. In the United States the art has made greater progress than in Europe. Dr. Garlick in 1865 began the propagation of brook trout, and New Hampshire im- ported salmon eggs from Canada to hatch in the waters of that State. Since then the various States have one by one taken up the art, till now nearly all have regularly appointed fish commis- sioners. Of the numerous inventions along this line, the most important is McDonald's fish-hatching jar, which keeps the eggs in motion, and automati- cally separates the dead fish from the living. The United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries was established by joint resolution of Congi-ess, approved Feb. 9, 1871. It is placed in charge of a Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, who is required to be a person of scien- tific and practical acquaintance with the fish and fisheries of the sea, coast, and inland waters. Reports are made annu- ally to Congress. The scope of the work of the commission covers (1) the propa- gation of useful food fishes, including lobsters, oysters, and other shellfish, and their distribution to suitable waters ; (2) the inquiry into the causes of de- crease of food fishes in the lakes, rivers, and coast waters of the United States, the study of the waters of the coast and interior in the interest of fish culture, and the investigation of the fishing grounds of the Atlantic, gulf, and Pacific coasts, with the view of deter- mining their food resources and the development of the commercial fisheries; (3) the collection and compilation of the statistics of the fisheries and the study of their methods and relations. See Fishery. FISHER, ANDREW, High Commis- sioner of Australia in England. He was bom at Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, in 1862, and went to Queensland, Australia, in 1885. He entered the Queensland Parliament in 1893, and later became Minister of Railways in the Dav/s-on Ministry. He represented Wide Bay in the Commonwealth Parliament for the first fifteen years of the Parliament. In 1904 he became Minister for Trade and Customs, Commonwealth of Australia; and in 1907 leader of the Federal Par- liamentary Labor party. In 1908-1909 he was Prime Minister of Australia; in 1909-1910 leader of Federal Opposition, and in 1910-1913 and 1914-1915 Prime Minister. In 1915 he resigned office as Prime Minister to represent Australia in London. FISHER, DOROTHY CANFIELD (DOROTHEA FRANCES CANFIELD FISHER), an American writer, born in Lawrence, Kan., in 1879. She graduated from the Ohio State University in 1899, and took post-graduate courses at Co- lumbia. In 1907 she married John Red- wood Fisher. She traveled and studied extensively in Europe. She wrote sev- eral books on educational subjects. Her chief fame, however, rests on her works in fiction, which include "The Squivrel- Cage" (1912) ; "Hillsboro People" (1915) ; "The Bent Twig" (1915); "Fellow-Cap- tains" (1916); "The Day of Glory" (1919); "The Brimming Cup" (1919). During the World War she spent three years in France engaged in war work. FISHER, GEORGE PARK, an Amer- ican educator; born in Wrentham, Mass., Aug. 10, 1827; was graduated dt Brown University in 1847; studied theology at the Yale Divinity School; at Andover, and in Germany; was Pro- fessor of Divinity in 1854-1861, and subsequently of Ecclesiastical History at Yale. He was the author of "Essays on the Supernatural Origin of Christian- ity," "History of the Reformation," "The Grounds of Historic and Christian Belief," "Manual of Christian Evi- dences," "Colonial History of the United States." He died in 1909. FISHER, HARRISON, an American illustrator; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1876. He was educated in San Fran- cisco. He was recognized as one of the most talented of American illustrators, and his work appeared in the leading magazines. He made illustrations for "The Market Place," by Harold Fred- eric; "The Eagle's Heart," by Hamlin Garland; and other books. FISHER, HERBERT ALBERT LAURENS, a British legislator. He
