FLAGELLANTS 147 FLAGLER ice, as war, merchant, dispatch, pilot, yacht-squadron, liners, etc. Flags of intelligence are of various colors and of three shapes: square, pointed, and bur- gee. They are used in various combina- tions to transmit messages according to a printed or secret code. The standard (military or naval) is a war flag. The ensign is national. The idea of stand- ards originated with the Egyptians, at an early age. The Crusaders added the cross to their banners. The union of the three crosses of St. George, St. An- drew, and St. Patrick, marks, first the union of England and Scotland into the kingdom of Great Britain; and, then, this kingdom with Ireland. This is termed the Great Union Flag of Great Britain, and was brought by the colo- nists to America. When the 13 colonies began to feel the pressure of British rule they placed upon their banners a rattlesnake, cut in 13 pieces, represent- ing the 13 colonies, with the motto: "Join or die." When these colonies be- came more united in their purpose of resistance to British tyranny, they placed upon their flag a well-formed rattlesnake in the attitude of about to strike, with the motto, "Don't tread on me." The next form of the United States flag was our present standard, the Stars and Stripes. On June 14, 1777, the Con- tinental Congress resolved that the flag of the United States be 13 stripes, alter- nate red and white, and that the union be 13 white stars on a blue field, repre- senting a new constellation." On Jan. 13, 1794, by an act of Congress, the flag was altered to 15 red and white stripes, and 15 stars. On April 4, 1818, Con- gress again altered the flag by returning to the original 13 stripes and 15 stars, as the adding of a new stripe for each additional State would soon make the flag too unwieldy. The new star is added to the flag on July 4, following the admission of each State into the Union. Also, the uneven end of an uncut tuft of hair on a brush. To strike or lower the flag: To pull the flag down in token of respect, surrender, or submission. To dip the flag: To lower it for a brief space as a salute or mark of respect. To hang the flag half-mast high: To raise it only halfway up the staff as a token of mourning. FLAGELLANTS, a Christian sect which arose in 1260 at Perugia, called by the French Peronse, and spread throughout and beyond Italy. Its ad- herents, who saw a plague raging, and moreover expected the world speedily to terminate, believed that they could "pro- pititate the Divine Being by walking in procession with only a cloth tied round them, and flagellating their bare shoul- ders with whips which they carried. At first they were noted for sanctity, and made many converts, but doubtful char- acters beginning to join their ranks, they fell into disrepute, and were re- strained from their processions by the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, when the sect gradually died away. The terror produced by the dreadful disease called the black death, which destroyed many millions of people in Europe between 1348 and 1351, produced a revival of the flagellation mania, which spread over most of Europe. In 1349 Clement VII. declared the Flagellants heretics and took steps to repress them. In 1414 an effort was made in Thuringia to revive them anew, but the burning alive of their leader, Conrad Schmidt, and 90 of his followers led to the gradual decline of the sect. FLAGEOLET, in music, a small pipe with a mouth-piece inserted in a bulb (hence the derivation of the name from the same root from which the word fla- gon comes), producing a shrill sound, similar but much softer in quality than that produced from the flauto piccolo. It was formerly employed in the orches- tra. Also the tone produced from a vio- lin by lightly pressing the bow near the bridge upon lightly touched strings, is called flageolet or flute tone. FLAGG, JAMES MONTGOMERY, an American artist and illustrator, born in Pelham Manor, N. Y., in 1877. He was educated privately and in the New York public schools. He studied at the Art Students' League in New York, and in Paris. In 1890 he began his work as an illustrator, and within a few years his work appeared in nearly all the im- portant magazines. He also illustrated several well-known books. He became well known as a painter of portraits. He wrote and illustrated several books, in- cluding "Yankee Girls Abroad" (1900); "Why They Married" (1906) ; "The Mystery of the Hated Man" (1916). During the World War he was ap- pointed State military artist of New York and designed 45 war posters. FLAGLER, HENRY M., an Ameri- can capitalist, born in Canandaigua, N. Y., in 1830. For several years he acted as a clerk in a country store, and was later a manufacturer of salt in Michi- gan. He came in association with Johi D. Rockefeller in the oil business, and became a member of the Standard Oil Co. He was vice-president and practi- cal head of this corporation until 1908,
