FBOHMAN 224 FRONTENAC (2) Plural frogs; the family Ranidse of which Rana is the type. They have a thick body, destitute of tail; feet four, long, muscular and adapted for leaping; the larva elongate, fish-like, tailed, and without legs ; the gills four on each side. The family does not include the tree frogs, which are ranked as Hylid^e. In farriery, a kind of tender horny substance growing in the middle of a horse's foot. FROHMAN, CHARLES, an American theatrical manager. Bom in Sandusky, Ohio, in 1860, while yet a boy he was an advance agent of a minstrel show. Early in 1880, he entered the business of theatrical manager for several stock companies and, in 1893, became director of the Empire Theater in New York. A few years later he became the leading figure in the syndicate known as the Theatrical Trust. Among the stars brought out by Frohman are Maude Adams and John Drew. In 1905-1906 he managed E. H. Sothem and Julia Mar- lowe in their Shakespearean productions. The exchange of plays betwen England and America was fostered by Frohman, who was likewise interested in several London theaters. He met his death when the steamship "Lusitania" was sunk by a German submarine in May, 1915. FROISSART, JEAN (froi'sart or frwa-sar'), French chronicler; bom in Valenciennes, in Hainault, in 1337. He began at 20 to write the history of the Wars of the time. His "Chronicle," cov- ering the years 1326-1400, is of capital importance for its period. To a collec- tion of the verses of Wenceslaus of Bra- bant, Froissart added some of his own, and gave to the whole the title "Meliador, or the Knight of the Golden Sun." All his extant poems were published at Brussels in 3 vols. 1870-1872. He died in Chimay, 1416 (?). FRONDE, the name of a political faction which played a conspicuous part in French history during the minority of Louis XIV., and which gave rise to the celebrated insurrectionary movement known historically as the War of the Fronde. The members of this party ob- tained the derisive name of Frondeurs (slingers), from the pertinacious lam- poon warfare which they waged against both the powerful minister of that day, Cardinal Mazarin, and the Queen Reg- ent, Anne of Austria. Mazarin, as a foreigner and a parvenu, enjoyed the detestation of the French people — ^both patrician and proletarian — and espe- cially had incurred the opposition of the Parliament of Paris to his measure. In 1648 Mazarin ventured on the bold step of arresting two of the most popuJai- members of the latter body, and on the next day {la jam-nee des barricade^) the Parisians rose in arms, dispersed some of the royal troops sent out against them, and barricaded the approaches to the Louvre, compelling the court party to retire to St. Germain, and thus leav- ing Paris in the hands of the insurgents. Upon the Prince de Conde advancing to besiege the capital, the parliament called the citizens to arms, when the Prince de Conti, the Due de Beaufort ("Le Roi des Halles," and son of Henry IV.), and numerous others of the great nobles of the kingdom, came forward to head the insurrection. The famous Cardinal de Retz also joined the movement, nor was beauty wanting, in the persons of the Duchesses de Longueville and de Mont- bazon, to inspire the popular cause. The Prince de Conde, too, changed sides and went over to the malcontents, with whom the court party shortly afterward patched up a treaty of peace of but brief duration. Fresh contentions arose, and Mazarin caused the arrest of Conde and C-onti, two of the princes of the blood. This step on the part of the hated Ital- ian excited a revolt in the provinces, and Marshal Turenne hastened to the rescue of the Frondeur princes, but was routed in the battle of Rethel (1650). The cardinal, however, enjoyed but a mere temporary supremacy; the parlia- ment again agitated against him, and procured his banishment from France, leaving the Prince de Conde master of the situation. Subsequently, the contest degenerated into a war of intrigue. Some of the Frondeur leaders were in- fluenced by the queen to desert their party, and others were bought over by the cardinal's gold. Ultimately, ail parties being weary with these dissen- sions, the court agi'eed to remove Maz- arin, and a general amnesty was pro- claimed. Conde, who refused to be a party to these terms, now finding his cause desperate, entered the Spanish service; while Mazarin, after a time, i-e- tnmed to Paris, and again obtained the reins of government. FRONTAL BONE, a bone, double in the foetus, single in the adult, situate at the base of the cranium, at the superior part of the face. It forms the vault of the orbit, lodges the ethmoid bone in a notch in its middle part, and is articu- lated besides with the sphenoid, parietal, and the nasal bones, the ossa nasales, superior maxillary, and malar bones, FRONTENAC (front-nak'), LOUIS DE BUADE, COMTE DE, a French colonial officer; born in France in 1620.
