GHERIAH 310 GHUa caster," of the Pacific squadron, at the commencement of the Civil War, and in 1862 was made lieutenant-commander. During the war he commanded the "Cho- corua" and "Port Royal," being on the latter^ vessel in the battle of Mobile Bay, in which he was distinguished for bravery and gallantry. He became com- mander in 1866; captain in 1874; com- nodore in 1884; and rear-admiral in 1887; he was commandant of the Brook- lyn navy yard in 1886; commanded the North Atlantic Squadron; and directed the Columbian naval review in New York harbor in 1893. He retired in 1894. He died in 1903. GHERIAH (ger'i-a), a town of Brit- ish India. It was the principal port of Augria, a famous piratical prince, whose fort was taken and his whole fleet de- stroyed by the English and Mahrattas in 1756. GHETTO, the Jewish quarter in Italian cities, to which they were for- merly confined. The ghetto of Rome, in- stituted in 1556 by Pope Paul IV., was removed in 1885, its demolition having been i*endered necessary by the new Tiber embankment. The term is also employed to indicate the Jews' quarters in any city. GHI. See Ghee. GHIBELLINES (gib'e-Hnz), apolitical party of the 12th to the 15th centuries. On the death of Lothaire II., Emperor of Germany, Dec. 4, 1137, Conrad, Duke of Franconia and Lord of Weiblingen (which by corruption became Ghibel- line), was elected his successor. His right to the imperial throne was, how- ever, disputed by Henry the Proud, puke of Saxony and Bavaria, who was in consequence declared an outlaw and shortly .afterward died. His adherents transferred their allegiance to his son Henry the Lion, at that time a boy of 10 years old, and the whole empire was divided into the partisans of Conrad, who assumed the name of Ghibellines, and tho.se of Henry, or the Guelphs. These titles were first used at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140. The strife be- tween the two parties subsided in Ger- many, but continued in Italy, resulting in war in 1159. The supporters of the Popes were termed Guelphs and those of the emperors Ghibellines. Charles of Anjou expelled the Ghibellines from Italy in 1268; but the contest between the two factions continued until the French invasion in 1495 united them against a common enemy. GHIBERTI, LORENZO (ge-ber'te), an Italian sculptor; bom in Pelago, Italy, in 1378. He early learned from his stepfather Bartoluccio, an expert goldsmith, the arts of drawing and modeling, and that of casting metals. He was engaged in painting frescoes at Rimini, in the palace of Pandolfo Mala- testa, when the priori of the society of merchants at Florence invited artists to propose models for one of the bronze doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni. The judges selected the works of Brunel- lesco and Ghiberti as the best, but the former voluntarily withdrew his claims, giving the preference to Ghiberti. After 21 years' labor Ghiberti completed the door, and, at the request of the priori, executed a second, after almost as long a period. Michael Angelo said of these that they were worthy of adorning the entrance to paradise. During these 40 years Ghiberti also completed other works, bas-reliefs, statues, and some ex- cellent paintings on glass, most of which may be seen in the cathedral and the Church of Or San Michele at Florence. He died in Florence, Italy, in 1455. GHIRLANDAJO (ger-lan-da'yo) , IL. DoMENico CuRRADi, nick-named II Ghir- landajo ("the garland-maker"), an Ital- ian painter; born in Florence, Italy, in 1449. As a youth he was apprenticed to a goldsmith, and it was not until his 31st year that he became known as a painter. He painted principally frescoes, and in his native city. The Church of Ognisanti there contains from his hand a "St. Jerome" and a "Last Supper" (1480) ; the Palazzo Vecchio, the "Apo- theosis of St. Zenobius" (1481-1485) ; the church of St. Trinita, six subjects from the life of St. Francis (1485) and an altar-piece, the "Adoration of the Shepherds"; the choir of St. Maria No- vella, a series illustrating the lives of the Virgin and the Baptist (1490). Be- tween 1482 and 1484 he painted for Pope Sixtus IV., in the Sistine Chapel at Rome, the excellent fresco "Christ Call- ing Peter and Andrew," and about the same time two pictures in the chapel of St. Fina at San Gimignano. Besides these he also executed some easel pictures of great merit, as "Adoration of the Magi" (1488), in the church of the Innocents at Florence; the "Visitation of the Vir- gin" (1491), in the Louvre; the "Adora- tion of the Virgin by the Saints," in the Uffizi at Florence ; and "Christ in Glory," at Volterra. He also executed mosaics, that of the "Annunciation" in the cathe- dral of Florence being especially cele- brated. He died in Florence, Italy, Jan. 11, 1494. GHUR (gor) , or GHORE (gor) , a mountainous district of western Afghan- istan, lying S. E. from Herat and N.
