GIBBS 313 GIBRALTAR which soon made the movement unpopu- lar. His publications include "The Faith of Our Fathers," "Our Christian CARDINAL GIBBONS Heritage," and "The Ambassador of Christ." He died March 24, 1921. GIBBS, OLIVER WOLCOTT, an American chemist; born in New York City, Feb. 21, 1822; was graduated at Columbia College in 1841 and at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1843; was Professor of Physics and Chemistry in the College of the City of New York in 1849-1863; and Rumford Professor in Harvard Uni- versity in 1863-1887. He has made many valuable chemical researches and con- tributed largely to scientific periodicals, principally "The American Journal of Science and Arts," of which he was one of the editors for many years. Dr. Gibbs was the only American honorary member of the German Chemical So- ciety; was one of the original members and a president of the National Acad- emy of Sciences. He died in 1908. GIBBS, SIR PHILIP, an English author and journalist. He was born in 1875 and was educated privately. After leaving school he became at 21 one of the editors of Cassell and Company; editor of Tillotson's Literary Syndicate, 1901; and acted successively as a literary editor of the Daily Mail, Daily Chronicle, and Tribune, afterward becoming special correspondent and descriptive writer on the Daily Chronicle. His articles froni' the field during the great war attracted attention. His works include: novels — "The Romance of Empire"; "Men and Women of the French Revolution"; "Now It Can Be Told" (1920); with some essays, plays, and numerous articles on the World War. He lectured in the United States in 1920 and 1921. GIBEON, a city of ancient Palestine on a hill among the mountains of Ben- jamin, 5 miles N. W. of Jerusalem. At the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites under Joshua, it was inhabited by Hiv- ites. By a clever stratagem the Gibeon- ites insured the alliance and protection of the invaders, but, their deceit being afterward found out, they were reduced to a condition of servitude, being made "hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation." When the five kings of the Amorites besieged Gibeon for having entered into a traitor- ous compact with the common enemy of all the Canaanites, Joshua hastened to its help, and overthrew the besiegers with great slaughter. It was there that Joshua, in the words quoted from the book of Jashar (Josh, x: 12), commanded the sun to stand still upon Gibeon, and the moon in the valley of Ajalon. GIBRALTAR, a town and strongly fortified rocky peninsula near the S. ex- tremity of Spain, belonging to Great Britain. It is connected with the main- land by a low sandy isthmus, 1^^ miles long and 54 mile broad, known as the "neutral ground," with Gibraltar Bay on the W., the open sea on the E. and S. The highest point of the rock is about 1,400 feet above sea-level; its N. face is almost perpendicular, while its E. side exhibits tremendous precipices. On its S. side it is almost inaccessible, making approach from seaward impossible; the W. side, again, although very rugged and precipitous, slopes toward the sea; and here the rock is secured by extensive and powerful batteries, rendering it ap- parently impregnable. Vast sums of money and an immense amount of labor have been spent in fortifying this cele- brated stronghold. , The town of Gibraltar is situated on the W. side of the peninsula, terminating in Europa Point, and thus fronts the bay. It consists chiefly of one spacious street about half a mile in length, lined with shops, and paved and lighted. The principal buildings are the governor's and lieutenant-governor's houses, the ad- mii'alty, naval hospital, etc. Its water
