GBAFTON 372 GBAHAlt on the Tygart's Valley rivBr. It is an important railroad center and has the terminals of four divisions of the Balti- more and Ohio railroad. Its industries include railroad shops, flour mills, ma- chine shops, cigar factories, etc. It has an important wholesale grocery trade. There is a national cemetery within the borders of the city. Pop. (1910) 7,563; (1920) 8,517. GRAFTON, AUGUSTUS HENRY FITZROY, DUKE OF, an English states- man, a descendant of Charles II.; born Oct. 1, 1735. In 1757 he succeeded his grandfather, the second duke (see Charles II.). He first came to the front in political life in 1763 in the op- position to Bute, and in July, 1765, he took office as Secretary of State under Rockingham, but resigned in the follow- ing May. Two months later Pitt became premier and Earl of Chatham, making Grafton First Lord of the Treasury; but in consequence of Chatham's continued illness Grafton was compelled to take on his own shoulders the responsible duties of head of the government from Septem- ber, 1767. He resigned in 1770, accepted the office of Lord Privy Seal under Lord North in 1771, and filled it till Novem- ber, 1775. When the new Rockingham ministry was formed in March, 1782, Grafton took his old post as Lord Privy Seal, but resigned office 13 months later. He was the target at which Junius iq. V.) shot some of his sharpest invec- tives. He died in Euston Hall, Suffolk, England, March 14, 1811. GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE, an English statesman; bom in Netherby, Cumberland, England, June 1, 1792. He was educated at West- minster and Queen's College, Cambridge. As private secretary to the British min- ister in Sicily in 1813, he had a hand in the negotiations with Murat at Naples. After his return for Carlisle as a Whig in 1826 he became a warm supporter of Catholic emancipation and a zealous ad- vocate of the Reform Bill. Earl Grey thereupon offered him, in 1830, the post of First Lord of the Admiralty, with a seat in the cabinet. But in 1834 he se- ceded from the government, disagreeing with his colleagues on the appropriation clause of the Irish Church Temporalities Act; and, going over to the Conserva- tives, became in 1841 Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel. In 1844 he is- sued a warrant for opening the letters of Mazzini, and caused the information thus obtained to be communicated to the Austrian minister, an act by which the ministry, and Graham in particular, in- curred great obloquy. He also encoun- tered great displeasure N. of the Tweed by his high-handed method of dealing with the Scottish Church during the troubles which ended in the Disruption and the formation of the Free Church. He gave Peel warm support in carrying the Corn Law Repeal Bill, and resigned office (1846) with his chief as soon as that measure was carried. On the death of Peel in 1850 he became leader of the Peelite party in the Lower House, and in December, 1852, took office in the Coalition Ministry as First Lord of the Admiralty. He retired from official life in February, 1855, and died in Netherby, Oct. 26, 1861. GRAHAM, JOHN, VISCOUNT DUN- DEE, commonly known as Claverhouse, a Scottish soldier, eldest son of Sir Wil- liam Graham, of Claverhouse; born about 1650. He was educated at St. Andrews. He went abroad and entered the service of France and afterward of Holland, but returned to Scotland in 1677, where he was appointed captain of a troop of horse raised to enforce com- pliance with the establishment of Epis- copacy. He distinguished himself by an unscrupulous zeal in this service. The Covenanters were driven to resistance, and a body of them defeated Claverhouse at Drumclog, June 1. On June 22, how- ever, the Duke of Monmouth defeated the insurgents at Bothwell Brig, and Claver- house was sent into the W. with absolute power. In 1682 he was appointed sheriff of Wigtonshire, and, assisted by his bro- ther David, continued his persecutions. He was made a privy-councillor, and re- ceived the estate of Dudhope, with other honors from the king, and though on the accession of James his name was with- drawn from the privy-council it was soon restored. In 1686 he was made Brigadier-General, and afterward Major- General; and in 1688, after William had landed, he received from James in Lon- don the titles of Lord Graham of Claver- house and Viscount Dundee. When the king fled he returned to Edinburgh, but finding the Covenanters in possession he retired to the N., followed by General Mackay. After making an attempt on Dundee, Claverhouse finally encountered and defeated Mackay in the Pass of Killiecrankie, July 17, 1689, but was killed in the battle. GRAHAM, STEPHEN, an English author. He was born in 1884 and after leaving school engaged in journalism in London, and then went to live with peas- ants and students in Little Russia and Moscow, tramping in the Caucasus, Crimea, Ural Mountains, and on pil- grimage to Jerusalem, crossing Atlantic with emigrants, tramping from New York to Chicago, later in central Asia,
