HAIFA 442 HAINAN died in Paris, July 2, 1843. _A statue of him was erected in Leipsic in 1851. HAIFA (hl'fa), a seaport of Syria; at the foot of Mount Carmel. A little distance to the N. W. a settlement of the Wiirttemberg "Society of the Temple" was founded in 1869, who now form a flourishing agricultural colony, chiefly en- gaged in cultivating the vine and grow- ing fruits. Grain is exported. Gordon Pasha paid visits to Haifa, and here Laurence Oliphant settled in 1882. HAIG, DOdGLAS, 1st Earl, British Commander-in-Chief in the World War. He was born in 1861, and was educated at Clifton and Brasenose College, Oxford. In 1885, he joined the 7th Hussars and FIELD-MARSHAL HAIG served in the Soudan in 1898, distin- guishing himself at Atbara and Khar- toum, being mentioned in despatches, Brevet-Major, British medal, Khedive's medal with two clasps. When the war against the Boer Republic broke out in 1899, he went to south Africa and com- manded cavalry in Natal, being C. S. O. to General French during the Colesberg operations; A. A. G. Cavalry Division, 1900. In 1901-1902 he commanded a group of columns and was mentioned in des- patches, becoming A. D. C. to the King, Brevet-Colonel, Commander of the Bath, receiving also the Queen's medal with seven clasps and the King's medal. Dur- ing 1901-1903 he was Lieutenant-Colonel Commander of the 17th Lancers and dur- ing 1903-1906 Inspector-General of the Cavalry in India. He became Major- General in 1904, and Lieutenant-Gen- eral in 1910, becoming in 1914, General for distinguished service, following the outbreak of the World War. Up to that period his military experience had been varied. During 1906-1907 he had been Director of Military Training and during 1907-1909 Director of Staff Duties at Army Headquarters. In 1909-1912 he was Chief of Staff in India, and was Gen- eral Officer Commanding at Aldershot in 1912-1914. In the World War he com- manded the 1st Army in 1914-1915, and from 1915 to the end of the war was Commander-in-Chief of the Expedition- ary Forces in France and Flanders. It was during the great retreat toward Amiens in 1917, when the renewed energy of the Germans made it appear that the British Army was about to be routed and the French Atlantic ports were to fall into their hands, that Haig uttered his call to America, declaring that he and his men had "their backs to the wall." He continued as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army till 1919. He was made Lord Rector of St. Andrew's Uni- versity in 1917, and, among the other honors that were showered on him dur- ing the war, received the Grand Cordon Legion of Honour, Grand Cross Order of Leopold, Grand Cross St. Maurice and St. Lazarus, Obolitch Gold Medal (Monte- negro), 1st Class Order of Danilo, and 4th Class of St. George (Russia). He was present at the negotiations with the Germans and at the Council of Versailles. Following the war he spent much of his time on the Haig property in Fife and Midlothian. In 1907, he wrote a book called "Cavalry Studies." HAIL, the fall of aerial moisture in the form of ice. Hail occurs in two un- like forms, of different origin, which are now distinguished as hard, or true hail, and soft hail. The latter, often also known as sleet, denotes the fine, light rains that frequently fall in winter, rarely in summer, and seem an accom- paniment of snow. True hail occurs in hard, compact, irregular masses of ice, either clear or opaque, both kinds often occurring in alternate layers in a hail- stone. HAILEYBURY COLLEGE, an Eng- lish public school at Hailey, Hertford- shire, 19 miles north of London. The present school which is frequently known as New Haileybury, is a continuation of Old Haileybury or the East India Col- lege. HAINAN, an island of China, in the province of Kwang-tung, E. of the Gulf of Tonquin, separated from the mainland of China by a channel of but 10 miles in width; lat,*18° 10' to 20° N., Ion. 108° 25'
