HAY 488 HAYDON trate the way in which he used simple incidents as symbols of truth. His
- naterial comes most often from legends
and incidents of colonial New England. In the "Twice-Told Tales'* we iind simple descriptive sketches, which have little narrative but suggest types and symbols of experience, as yet without interrreta- tion. We also find stories and legends of early colonial history, without signifi- cance except as simple narratives, but giving promise of the deeper study of Puritan character that was to follow. A third group is made up of tales, main- ly legendary, which have symbolic or allegorical meaning, such as "The Minister's Black Veil," "The Wedding Knell," "The Lily's Quest." The pursuit of happiness is an illusion; there is a veil that separates one personality from anothei'. In such a tale as "The May- pole of Merrymount," two racial ideals, the pagan tradition of old England and the Puritan tradition, are brought into collision, the more dramatic because the setting is the primeval forest of New England, with an untamed nature, the beasts of the forest, and the Indians as a backg:round. Hawthorne's work suggests the al- legory of medieval and Elizabethan times. He uses symbols constantly as a means to perception of spiritual truth. The riddle of the soul's growth is his theme, in "The Minister's Black Veil" and in the series of the great romances, — in Dimmesdale, in Pyncheon, in the Faun. These symbols he worked out with exquisite skill. He described him- self as a man sitting by the wayside of life and looking upon it as if under en- chantment. Sitting thus, he observes the pilgrimage of the life of man and paints it for us with a careful realism that is also conscious of the spiritual truth which these realities reveal to the seeing eye. HAY, the stems and leaves of grasses and other plants cut for fodder, dried in the sun, and stored usually in stacks. The time most suitable for mowing grass intended for hay is that in which the saccharine matter is most abundant in the plants, viz., when the grass is in full flower. For the operation of mowing, dry weather, and, if possible, that in which sunshine prevails, is chosen. Care must be taken to avoid haymaking either under a scorching sun or during the prevalence of rain, and the heaps should never be opened in the morning till the disappearance of the dew. On large farms the work is performed by haymak- ing machines in conjunction with other agricultural implements. The total hay crop in the United States for 1920 was estimated at 108,- 233,000 tons, with a farm value of $1,809,162,000, and the total acreage at 72,830,000 acres. The greatest hay pro- ducing States were New York, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Ohio, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, South Dakota, Kansas, Penn- sylvania, Iowa, and California. HAY, JOHN, an American states- man ana writer, born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838. He was graduated from Brown University, and settled in Illi- nois as a lawyer, but went to Washing- ton in 1861 as one of Lincoln's private secretaries, acting also as his aide-de- camp. He served under Generals Hunter and Gillmore with the rank of major and assistant adjutant-general. He was sub- sequently in the United States diplomatic service, stationed at Paris, Vienna, and Madrid. In 1897 he was made ambas- sador to England, and in 1898 Secretary of State. His literary reputation rests upon "Pike County Ballads," the best known of which are perhaps "Little Breeches" and "Jim Bludso"; "Casti- lian Days" and "Life of Abraham Lin- coln" (with J. G. Nicolay). He died July 1, 1905. HAYDN, JOSEPH, a German mu- sical composer; bom in Rohrau, on the borders of Hungary and Austria, in 1732. On account of the excellence of his voice he was appointed a choir-boy at St. Stephen's Church, Vienna. Hav- ing made the acquaintance of Metastasio, Porpora, and Gluck, Haydn gradually at- tracted public attention, was appointed organist to two churches, and obtained many pupils. From 1761 to 1790 he was musical director to Prince Ester- hazy, and composed during this period some 120 symphonies for the orchestra, 12 operas, etc. In 1791 and 1794 he vis- ited England, staying there nearly three years altogether, and writing his opera "Orpheus and Eurydice." In 1798 he published his oratorio of the "Creation," and in 1800 that of the "Seasons." His last public appearance was at a perform- ance of his "Creation" in 1808. He may be said to be the originator of the sym- phony and of the stringed quartette. He died in 1809. HAYDON, BENJAMIN ROBERT, an English historical painter; born in 1786. He produced many pictures of merit; among them the "Judgment of Solomon ; "Christ's Entry Into Jerusalem"; 'The Raising of Lazarus"; "The Mock Elec- tion in the King's Bench"; "Napoleon at St. Helena"; "Alexander and Bu- cephalus"; "Alfred and the Trial by Jury"; "Uriel and Satan"; "The Burn- ing of Rome"; etc. He died in 1846.
