HUSSAIN IBN ALI 89 HUTCHINSON atitz, Bohemia, July 6, 1369. He became A priest in 1400. Huss was a realist in philosophy, and adopted the views of Wycliffe iq. I'.), whose works he trans- lated and whose doctrines he preached, giving great offense to the Archbishop of Prague. Huss appeared by citation before the Council of Constance, and, though pro'ided with a safe-conduct from the Emperor Siegmund, or Sigis- mund, he was adjudged a heretic, and burned alive July 6, 1415, as was his disciple Jerome of Prague, on May 30, 1416. By the decision of the Council of Constance, in 1414, the request of the Bohemian laity to communicate under two kinds was refused. The treatment of Huss exasperated his followers, and led to a religious war in which great ferocity and cruelty were manifested on both sides. The Hussite leaders were John Ziska, and after his death Pro- copius. Sigismund commanded the im- perial forces. The Hussites fortified a mountain near Prague, which they called Mount Tabor. Before Ziska's death, Oct. 12, 1424, after obtaining religious liberty for Bohemia, the Hussites had begun to split into minor sects, as the Orebites, or Horebits, the Orphanites, and the Calixtines. In 1433, the Calix- tines were conciliated by the concession of the cup of the laity. By the treaty of 1435, Siegmund was acknowledged King of Bohemia, which, however, remained in an uneasy state. The Hussite trou- bles prepared the way for the Lutheran Reformation. HUSSAIN IBN ALI, King of the Hedjaz, and a lineal descendant of the Prophet. Before the outbreak of the European War, while Arabia, from which has arisen the new kingdom, was still a Turkish dependency. Hussain ibn Ali was Grand Sherif and Emir of Mecca. In June, 1916, he proclaimed himself in active alliance with the Allies, and declared the Hedjaz an independent kingdom. The Allies quickly recognized his claim, for his open participation in the war against Turkey made the proc- lamation of a jehad, or holy war, impos- sible. See Hedjaz; Turkey. HUSSEIN KEMAL PASHA, Prince, Sultan of Egypt, under the British pro- tectorate. Bom about 1850, he was edu- cated in Paris, being intimate with the family of Napoleon III. Leaving France in 1870, he held the positions of Inspector of Upper and Lower Egypt, Minister of Public Instruction, of Public Works, of the Interior, of War and Finance. His nephew. Abbas Hilmi, sided with Turkey in the European War and was deposed as Khedive by the British, who replaced him with Hussein Kemal, giving the lat- ter the title of Sultan. He succeeded to the position in December, 1914. HUSSITE, a follower of John Huss. ^ HUSTAB, one of the idols of the an- cient Ninevites. HUSTINGS. (1) A name given to a court formerly held in many cities of England, as York, Winchester, Lincoln, but especially applied to the county court o€ the City of London held before the lord mayor, recorder, and sheriffs. (2) The platform from which candidates for seats in Parliament addressed the con- stituency on their nomination, previous to the Ballot Act of 1872. HUTCHESON, FRANCIS, a Scotch educator and philosopher; born in Drum- alig, Ulster, Ireland, Aug. 8, 1694. For many years a public teacher in Glasgow, he became in 1729 Professor of Moral Philosophy at the university in that city. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy in Scotland. He was the author of: "Inquiry Into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue" (1720); "Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections" (1728); "System of Moral Philosophy" (1755). He died in Glasgow, Scotland, about 1746. HUTCHINS, HABRY BURNS, an American educator; born in Lisbon, N. H., in 1847. He graduated University of Michigan in 1871. He was instructor and assistant professor of history and professor of law in University of Michi- gan from 1872 to 1887. From 1887 to 1894 he was professor of law in Cornell University, and from 1895 to 1909 was professor of law and dean of the De- partment of Law at the University of Michigan. He was acting president of that institution in 1897-1898, and again from 1909 to 1910. He was consulting editor of "American and English Ency- clopedia of Law and Procedure," and wrote the biography of Thomas M. Cooley. He contributed much to legal and other periodicals. HUTCHINSON, a city and county- seat of Reno co., Kan., on the Arkansas river, and on the Atchison, Topeka ana Santa Fe, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the Hutchinson and Southern, and the Missouri Pacific railroads; 40 miles N. W. of Wichita. The city has one of the largest salt interests in the world. It is also an important meat packing and shipping center; and has manufactures of lumber, machinery, boilers, etc. There are a public library, high school. State reformatory, electric
