INQUISITION 161 INSANITY search for offenders, and bring them be- fore the bishops. Ere long the bishop handed over the invidious task to the Dominican order. Gregory appointed none but Dominicans, Innocent III. oc- casionally Franciscans, and Clement III. sent into Portugal a prior of the order of Minims. The tribunal v^^as called the Holy Office, or the Holy In- quisition. Its judges, in unqualifiedly perfectly fair accordance with contem- poraneous ecclesiastical procedure, en- couraged informers, concealing their names from the person accused, who was urged to make a complete confes- sion. Torture was also used to extract evidence. It was established in France in consequence of the decrees of the Syn- od of Toulouse. Philip the Fair con- verted its tribunals into State Courts, by means of which he crushed the Tem- plars. In 1538 the Grand Inquisitor, Louis de Rochelle, was convicted of Cal- vinism, and burnt. The power of these courts was soon after transferred to the Parliament, and finally, in 1560, to the bishops. Nowhere in the world did the Inquisi- tion find a more congenial soil than in Spain. In 1481 the Inquisition was es- tablished at Seville, by Ferdinand and Isabella, two Dominicans being the first judges. Torquemada, another Domini- can, who became Grand Inquisitor in 1483, and held office for 15 years, ex- tended it to various other towns. It was introduced into Peru and Mexico in 1571. Llorente, the historian of the In- quisition, was its secretary at Madrid from 1790 to 1792. Napoleon I, sup- pressed it on Dec. 4, 1808, and it was abolished on Feb. 12, 1813, by the Cortes. Ferdinand VII. having re-established it in 1814, the Cortes in 1820 abolished it again. (See Auto da fe.) In 1526 it was set up in Portugal; in 1815 its acts were burned at Goa. The Congregation of the Cardinals of the Holy Inquisition was instituted by Pope Paul III., in 1542, and remodeled by Sixtus V. about 40 years later. The attempted introduction of the Inquisition into the United Prov- inces caused the loss of that fertile terri- tory to Spain. No inquisitor, under that name, seems to have ever been commis- sioned to England; and when, in the 13th century, Conrad of Marburg at- tempted to establish the "Holy Office" in Germany, he was assassinated. Inlaw: (1) A judicial inquiry, inves- tigation, or examination; an inquest. (2) The verdict of a petty jury under a Writ of Inquiry; also where the court requires a particular fact certified, or requires the sheriff' to do certain acts in furtherance of its judgment. INQUISITOR, in church history, a person appointed to search out latent heresy. The name first appears in the Theodosian Code, a. d. 382; their search being chiefly directed against the Mani- chfeans. During the crusade against the Albigenses, early in the 13th century, Innocent III. had sent out legates to search out and punish these separatists. These wei-e called inquisitors. Specific- ally, a functionary of the ecclesiastical tribunal called the Holy Office of the Inquisition {q. v.). INSANITY, a more or less impaired condition of any or all of the mental functions involving the intellect, emotion, or will. There can be no absolute test of insanity — or of sanity for that mat- ter. Sanity is proved by normal self- control, and insanity by the loss of it from disease. The most common mental symptoms are morbid emotional depression and mental pain. In many cases of insanity to energize mentally is to suffer pain. Another symptom in other cases is an undue emotional exaltation; this is com- monly associated with a loss of the great controlling or inhibitory functions of the brain, and occurs in mania. There is morbid brain excitement, commonly ex- hibited in restless motions or shouting. Such cases may go on to complete loss of any consciousness of all the former brain impressions and mental life. The patient remembers nothing and does not know his nearest friends. Another com- mon symptom is a diminution or loss in the power of attention. This is common to nearly all forms of insanity. Then we have perversion of the reasoning power, as seen more frequently in insane delusions, which are common in most cases and varieties of insanity. They are divided into fixed delusions and changing delusions, the former being the more serious and incurable. Hallucina- tion is sensation without an object. The hearing of voices, when none exist, is a good illustration. Hallucinations are usually subjective and psychical in their origin, though unquestionably both a psychical and a sensorial element may enter into their genesis. Hallucinations may be of hearing, which are the most common and the most serious, as a symp- tom of incurability if long continued; of sight, the next most common and more likely to be recovered from; of smell and taste, which are rare, and not favorable. Another mental symptom of insanity very common is impulsiveness of action in an automatic, unreasoning way some- times without any conscious intention on the patient's part, and without power
