JAEN 226 JAINS has also been reported in British Colum- bia and Alaska. JAEN, a city of Spain, capital of the province of the same name; on a tribu- tary of the Guadalquivir; 50 miles N. by W. of Granada. The cathedral dates from 1532. By the Moors the town was called Jayyenu-l-harir, "Jaen of the Silk," on account of its silk manufac- tures, for which, however, it is no longer famous. The province (area, 5,184 square miles), part of Andalusia, lies wholly within the basin of the Guadal- quivir, and is for the most part mountain- ous. Conquered by the Moors on their entrance into Spain, Jaen maintained its independence as a Moorish state till 124G, until captured by Ferdinand III. of Castile. Pop. (1917) province, 356,293; town, 30,947. JAFEA, or JOPPA, a town on the sea coast of Syria, 33 miles N. W. of Jeru- salem. Hence Jonah sailed for Tarshish; here Peter had his vision. Under Con- stantine the place, which had been de- stroyed by Vespasian, became a bishop's see, and as the great landing place of the Crusaders was taken and retaken by Christian and Moslem. In 1799 Napo- leon stormed it and massacred his pris- oners; in 1832 it was taken by Mehemet Ali, and restored to the Turks by Brit- ish help. Pop. about 45,000. Jaffa was captured by the British in November, 1917. See World War. JAFFNAPATAM, a seaport in the extreme N. of Ceylon, on an island of the same name; has been peopled by Tamils for more than 2,000 years. A large sprinkling of the European popula- tion is of Dutch descent Pop. (1911) 40,441. JAGHIRE (jag'her), in Hindustan, a term closely corresponding to the flef of mediaeval Europe. It is an assign- ment of the government share of the produce of a portion of land to an in- dividual, either personal or for the sup- port of a public establishment. JAGOW, GOTTLIEB VON, a German public official. Born in 1863, he received his education at Bonn University. In 1895 he entered the diplomatic service and became attache at Rome and later at Munich. In 1897 he was in Rome serving first as Secretary of the German Embassy there and after 1909 as Am- bassador. In 1912 he played a large part in inducing Italy to remain in the Triple Alliance, and largely because that power was friendly to him he was ap- pointed Foreign Minister in 1913 to suc- ceed Von Kiderlen-Waechter. He was unable to do what was expected of him, however, and when Italy entered the war against Austria a severe blow to his prestige was given. He conducted the negotiations with the United States dur- ing the time the relations between the two powers were strained, and exerted all his influence to prevent the declaration of ruthless submarine warfare. He re- tired in 1916 because of ill health and be- cause he was unable to endure the de- mands of the military chiefs for a change in his policies. JAGST, or JAXT (yaxt), a river in Wiirttemberg which unites with the Neckar, 6 miles N. of Heilbronn. It is over 160 miles in length. Also a por- tion of Northeastern Wiirttemberg, with an area of 1,983 square miles. Pop. about 425,000. JAGUAR, a ferocious looking feline animal, a little larger than a leopard, which it resembles in color, except that in the jaguar the spots are arranged in larger and more definite groups. It is found in the S. part of the United States, through Mexico, Central America, and Brazil, as far S. as Paraguay. It will attack horses, cattle, and even man. JAHDE, or JADE (ya'da) ; a bay in the N. of Oldenburg, belonging to Prus- sia, which has a naval station on its shores. JAHN, miEDBICH LTJDWIG (yiin), a German educator; born in Brandenburg, in 1778. After graduat- ing with distinction at the universities, he, in 1809, went to Berlin, where he be- came teacher at the Kolnisches Gymna- sium, and published his "German Popu- larity." He then set about the estab- lishment of gymnasia throughout the "Fatherland," whence is derived the "Turnkunst," or system of physical edu- cation so well known and appreciated in the United States. He died in 1852. JAINS, or JAINAS (jans), the name of a religious sect among the Hindus. They are very numerous in the Southern and Western provinces of Hindustan, and are principally engaged in commerce. It is believed that Jainism is of much later origin than Buddhism or Brahmaism. The principal points of difference be- tween them and the Brahmanical Hin- dus are: (1) A denial of the divine origin of Vedas; (2) the worship of cer- tain holy mortals, who, by living exen> plary lives here and by self-mortification, had raised themselves superior to the gods; and (3) extreme tenderness for animal life; in all of which points they resemble the Buddhists. Their moral
