JAMAICA BAY 228 JAMES I. The English Church is presided over by a bishop, assisted by a regular staff of parochial clergy. The Baptists, Method- ists, Presbyterians, and other Protestant bodies are well represented, and there is a considerable number of Roman Cath- olics and Jews. Jamaica was discovered by Columbus in 1494, in his second expedition to the New World. In half a century the cruelty of the Spanish conquerors ex- terminated the natives. It was taken by Cromwell in 1655, and ceded to England by the treaty of Madrid in 1670. Of late many Chinese and coolies have been employed in agriculture. In 1865 a seri- ous revolt broke out among the blacks at Morant Bay, and was put down with con- siderable severity by Governor Eyre. Politically dependent on Jamaica are the Cayman Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The Secretary of the Colonies of Great Britain in 1899 directed that in pur- suance of official recommendations, an income tax, increased stamp duties, and an increased land-tax should be imposed, in order to raise the necessary increase of revenue. He also directed the gov- ernor to appoint a full number of nom- inated members of the Legislature, and keep them appointed. He further stated that the Colonial Office would in future exercise control over the finances of the colony. There was much local opposi- tion, in consequence, and one element in the population suggested application to the United States for annexation. JAMAICA BAY, an inlet of the At- lantic Ocean S. of Long Island, N. Y. JAMBXJDVIPA (jam-bo-dwe'pa), in Sanskrit poetry and Buddhist writings, a name given to India, though strictly it is applicable to the whole earth, of which India was regarded as the princi- pal part. JAMES, a name of two, if not three, persons mentioned in the New Testa- ment. (1) James, the son of Zebedee, and brother of the Evangelist John. Their occupation was that of fishermen. We find James, John, and Peter associ- ated on several interesting occasions in the Saviour's life. They alone were present at the Transfiguration (Matt, xvii: 1; Mark ix: 2; Luke ix: 29); at the restoration to life of Jairus' daugh- ter (Mark v: 42; Luke viii: 51) ; and in the garden of Gethsemane during the Agony (Mark xiv: 33; Matt, xxvi: 37; Luke xxii: 39). With Andrew they listened in private to our Lord's discourse on the fall of Jerusalem (Mark xiii: 3). James and his brother appear to have indulged in false notions of the kingdom of the Messiah. (Matt, xx: 20-23; Mark x: 35). From Luke ix: 54, we may infer that their temperament was warm and impetuous. On account, prob- ably, of their boldness and energy in dis- charging their apostleship, they received from their Lord the appellation of Boanerges, or "Sons of Thunder." James was the first martyr among the apostles. Clement of Alexandria, in a fragment preserved by Eusebius, reports that the officer who conducted James to the tribunal was so influenced by the bold declaration of his faith as to avow him- self also a Christian; in consequence of which he was beheaded at the same time. He is the patron saint of Spain. (2) James, the son of Alphseus, one of the 12 apostles (Mark iii: 18; Matt, x: 3; Luke vi: 15; Acts i: 13). His mother's name was Mary (Matt, xxvii: 56; Mark XV : 40) ; in the latter passage he is called James the Less, either as being younger than James the son of Zebedee, or on account of his low stature (Mark xv: 1; Luke xxiv: 10). (3) James, "the brother of the Lord" (Gal. i: 19). Epistle of St. James. — The first of the general epistles. It was penned by either James, the son of Alphaeus, or James, the brother of our Lord, if the two were different; by the apostle who bore both designations if they were the same. It was addressed to the 12 tribes scat- tered abroad, i. e., to the Jewish con- verts to Christianity beyond the limits of Palestine. Its teaching is in discon- nected portions, and treats more of con- duct than of belief, though the indispen- sableness of faith to efficacious prayer is strongly insisted on (i: 6). Portions of it look antagonistic to the teaching of St. Paul (see Rom. iii: 28 with James ii: 21, 25). The epistle was written probably at Jerusalem. Its date is un- certain. It has been fixed in a. d. 44 or 45, in A. D. 60, in A. D. 62, and not till the 2d century. It figures in the Syrian Version of the New Testament. It was ranked by Eusebius among his antilogou- mena. In a. d. 397 the Council of Car- thage placed it in the canon. Though Luther spoke disrespectfully of it, yet it is now generally accepted as a portion of Divine Scripture. JAMES I., King of Scotland; son of Robert III. ; born in 1394. He was taken by the English on his passage to France, and kept in confinement 18 years. In 1424 he obtained his liberty, on condition of marrying the daughter of the Earl of Somerset. He severely punished those who had governed his country in his ab-
