JANESVILLE 233 JANSENISTS He was originally intended for the navy, but became a writer instead. He pub- lished "Blake of the 'Rattlesnake'" (1895) ; "To Venus in Five Seconds" (1897); "All the World's Fighting Ships" (1898-1899): "The Torpedo in Peace and War" (1898); "The Jane Naval War Game" (1898) ; "The British Battle Fleet" (1912); "The Navy as a Fighting Machine" (1914). Died 1916. JANESVILLE, a city and a county- seat of Rock CO., Wis.; on both sides of Rock river, and on the Chicago, Milwau- kee and St. Paul, and the Chicago and Northwestern railroads; 70 miles W. S. W. of Milwaukee and 91 miles N. W. of Chicago. It is the farming trade center for five counties, having a population of 120,000; and its manufactories include flour mills, woolen mills, machine shops, foundries, carriage factories, and brew- eries. Janesville is the seat of St. Jo- seph's (R. C.) Convent State School for the Blind, and Oak Lawn and Palmer Memorial Hospitals. There are 2 Na- tional banks, daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals, and an assessed property valuation of over $2,000,000. Pop. (1910) 13,894; (1920) 18,293. JANEWAY, EDWARD GAMALIEL, an American physician; born in New Jersey, Aug. 31, 1841. He was graduated at Rutgers in 1860 and at the New York State College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1864. He practiced in New York, and after 1873 was Professor of Pathological Anatomy at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, being an authority on the heart. In September, 1901, he was consulting specialist for President McKinley. He died Feb. 10, 1911. JANIN, JULES (zha-nawfif) , a French critic, journalist, and novelist; born in St. £]tienne, Feb. 16, 1804. He caught the fancy of the Parisians with his lit- erary and theatrical criticisms. In 1870 he was elected to the French Academy. Among his stories and novels, "The Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman," "Confession," and "A heart for Two Loves," are conspicuous. His permanent work is probably the collection of papers called "History of Dramatic Literature." He died in Paris, June 19, 1874. JANINA, or JOANNINA (yan-en'a), formerly capital of a vilayet in Turkish Albania, on a lake (12 miles long by 3 broad) of the same name, 50 miles in- land from the shore opposite the island of Corfu. Its buildings include more than 20 ecclesiastical edifices, and the ruined castle of Ali Pasha, whose head- quarters were at Janina. Gold lace is extensively manufactured, as well as mo- rocco leather, silk goods, and colored linen. The population, which numbered 40,000 under Ali Pasha, is now about 17,- 000. The Greeks besieged and captured the place in 1913, and the Treaty of Lon- don and Bucharest awarded it to Greece. JAN MAYEN LAND, a volcanic is- land in the Arctic Ocean, named after the Dutch navigator by whom it was dis- covered in 1611. It lies between Iceland and Spitzbergen, and is 35 miles long. Its highest point is the extinct volcano of Beerenberg, 8,350 feet, the sides of which are covered with immense glaciers and frozen waterfalls. In 1882-1883 it was made the station of the Austrian polar expedition. Important seal and whale fishings are carried on E. and N. of Jan Mayen every summer. JANSENISTS, a party in the Roman Catholic Church, which arose about the middle of the 17th century and was at- tacked by the Jesuits as heretics. The Jansenist propositions were condemned by Pope Innocent X. as heretical; but this by no means ended the dispute, for the Jansenists contended that they were condemned in a sense different from that which they were intended to bear by the author. An appeal was again made to the Pope, and in 1656 a new bull was is- sued by Alexander VII., declaring that Jansenius meant the propositions in the sense condemned by the previous bull. A formulary was now drawn up, con- formable to the new bull, and all eccle- siastical persons were required to sign it, on pain of being suspended from their offices. Most of them refused, and a schism was thus occasioned in the French Church, which lasted for some time. The Port Royalists, Arnauld, Pascal, Nicole, Persault, were conspicuous for their defense of Jansenism, and carried the war into the enemy's country, attack- ing the Jesuits notably in the "Provin- cial Letters" of Pascal. Clement IX. at- tempted to compromise matters by ask- ing merely a rejection of the five propo- sitions, vdthout ascribing them to Jan- senius. The liberal policy of Innocent XI. tended still more to restore peace. In 1698, however, the smoldering fire was again stirred up into a fierce flame by the appearance of Father Quesnel's "Moral Observations on the New Testa- ment." Quesnel was banished from the country; and in 1709 Louis XIV. sup- pressed and destroyed the monastery of the Port Royal. In 1713 Clement XI. issued his famous bull "Unigenitus," condemning 101 propositions of Quesnel's work. The strife continued for some time after this, and many of the Jansen- ists emigrated to Holland. A number of.
