JESUIT'S BARK 254 JESUS, SOCIETY OF ^ence to their superiors. A general should command, and should have none above him but the Pope. Paul III. is- sued a bull in 1540 sanctioning the estab- lishment of the order with certain restric- tionst sv?ept away three years later. In 1541 Loyola was chosen general of the order, and afterward resided generally at Rome. His order spread with great rapidity, and at the death of Loyola, on July 31, 1556, consisted of above 1,000 persons, with 100 houses divided into 12 provinces. The Jesuits rendered great service to the papacy, but ultimately be- came unpopular with the civil govern- ment in most Roman Catholic countries. The people thought them crafty. In September, 1759, an order was given for the expulsion of the Jesuits from Por- tugal and Brazil. In 1764 the order was suppressed in France, and its property confiscated. On March 31, 1767, similar destruction overtook it in Spain, and soon after in Spanish America, and next, after 1768, in the Two Sicilies and Parma, till at length, on July 21, 1773, the Pope issued a bull suppressing the order altogether. Austria and the other Roman Catholic States obeyed the de- cree. In August, 1814, Pope Pius VII. re-established it. In June, 1817, the Jesuits were expelled from Russia, and the British Roman Catholic Emancipa- tion Act, passed in 1829, left them un- der some disabilities which have since been removed. The bill regulating re- ligious communities, which went into force in France in 1901, greatly re- stricted the Jesuits in their educational work. Roman Catholic higher educa- tion in the United States is largely un- der the control of the Jesuits. JESUITS' BARK, or PERUVIAN BARK, the bark of a certain species of Cinchona, so called because it was first introduced into Europe by the Jesuits. JESUITS' NUT, a name sometimes given to the fruit of the Trapa natans. JESUP, MORRIS KETCHUM, an American banker; born in Westport, Conn., June 21, 1830; engaged actively in banking in 1852-1884, retiring in the latter year. In 1881 he became presi- dent of the New York City Mission and Tract Society, for which he built the DeWitt Memorial Church in Rivington street as a memorial of the Rev. Doctor DeWitt, his father-in-law. He was made president of the Five Points House of Industry in 1872; was a founder of the Young Men's Christian Association, of which he was chosen president in 1872; elected president of the Metropolitan Mu- seum of Natural History in 1881, and of the New York Chamber of Commerce in 1899. He presented to the Metropolitan Museum of Art a collection of native woods valued at $100,000; to the Yale Divinity School, $51,000; to the Wom- an's Hospital in New York City, $100,- 000; to Yale University the Land- bery Arabic MSS., for which he paid $20,000; and to Williams Col- lege, $35,000. In 1897 he provided funds for an anthropological ex- ploration of Northwestern North Amer- ica and eastern Asia, He died Jan. 22, 1908. JESUS, the name miraculously given to the first born son of the Virgin Mary conceived by the Holy Ghost. An angel who appeared to Joseph, Mary's be- trothed lover, directed that that son on His birth should be called Jesus, "for He shall save his people from their sins." Some persons suppose that when Christ is superadded, Jesus is analogous to what now would be called the Christian name, while Christ is the surname. This view is erroneous. The only per- sonal name is Jesus, and Christ is the designation of office or mission, indicat- ing that the being who bore it claimed to be the Messiah promised to the fath- ers. Nearly all the churches of the world, the Unitarian one being the chief exception, recognize a divine and human nature in Christ, regarding Him with respect to the former as the Second Per- son of the Trinity and the Son of God; with regard to the latter, as the perfect type of humanity, the only sinless man that has lived on earth. The birth of the Saviour is generally believed to have been in 4 B. C, the commencement of His ministry A. D. 26, and His crucifixion A. D. 29. JESUS, son of Sirach, the author of the apocryphal book called Ecclesiasti- cus. JESUS COLLEGE, in Cambridge, England, an institution founded by Al- cock, Bishop of Ely, in 1496. JESUS COLLEGE, in Oxford, Eng- land, was founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1571. Many of the fellowships and scholarships are confined to persons born or educated in Wales. The college is thus distinctively the Welsh one. This was the first college founded on Protes- tant principles. JESUS ISLAND, an island of Lower Canada, surrounded by the St. John and Prairie rivers, the two branches of the Ottawa river, before it joins the St. Law- rence river; area, about 1,200 square miles. JESUS, SOCIETY OF. See Jesuit.
