JOSEPH EMMANUEI, 280 JOSHUA JOSEPH EMMANUEL, King of Portugal; born in 1715. He was son and successor of Cliarles V., and ascended the throne in 1750. The great earth- quake at Lisbon, in 1755, and the expul- sion of the Jesuits from the kingdom in 1759, were the principal events of his reign. He died in 1777. JOSEPHINE, MARIE BOSE (zho-za- fen'), Empress of the French; born in the island of Martinique, June 23, 1763. Her father, Tascher de la Pagerie, was captain of the port at St. Pierre. When about 15 years of age she went to France, and in 1779 married Viscount Alexandre Beauharnais. A daughter of this mar- riage, Hortense, Queen of Holland, was the mother of Emperor Napoleon III. Josephine's husband was executed dur- ing the Reign of Terror, she herself just escaping. On March 9, 1796, she was married to Napoleon Bonaparte. She accompanied him in his Italian cam- paign. At Malmaison, and afterward at the Luxembourg and the Tuileries, she attracted round her the most brilliant society of France, and contributed not a little to the establishment of her hus- band's power. But her marriage with Napoleon proving unfruitful, it was dis- solved by law, Dec. 16, 1809. She died in Malmaison, near Paris, May 29, 1814. JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA, a rich Israelite of high character, who seems to have been a member of the Great Council or Sanhedrim. He opposed the deter- mination of his colleagues to bring about the death of Jesus, but did not openly profess himself a disciple from motives of fear. But the courage of his convic- tions came to him at the moment of the crucifixion, and on the evening of that day he went boldly to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus, burying it reverently in his own rock-hewn tomb. An ancient tradition makes him carry the Grail iq. V.) to Britain about the year 63 and settle at Glastonbury. JOSEPHSTADT (yo'zef-stat) , one of She most important fortresses of the for- mer Austrian empire; situated at the confluence of the Mettau and the Elbe in Bohemia, 10 V2 miles N. by E. of Koniggratz. JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (-se'fus) , a famous Jewish historian; born in Jeru- salem in A. D. 37. On his mother's side he was descended from the Asmonsean princes, while from his father, Matthias, he inherited the priestly office. He en- joyed an excellent education, and at the age of 26 he went to Rome to plead the cause of some Jevnsh priests whom Felix, the procurator of Judsea, had sent thither as prisoners. He obtained their release and received valuable gifts from the empress. On his return to Jeru- salem he found his countrymen eagerly bent on a revolt from Rome, from which he used his best endeavors to dissuade them; but failing, he professed to enter into the popular designs. He was chosen one of the generals of the Jews, and sent to Galilee. When Vespasian and his army entered Galilee, Josephus threw himself into lotapata, which he defended for 47 days. When the place was taken, the life of Josephus was spared by Ves- pasian through the intercession of Titus. Josephus thereupon assumed the charac- ter of a prophet, and predicted to Ves- pasian that the empire should one day be his and his son's. Vespasian did not release him from captivity till he was proclaimed emperor (a. d. 70). Joseph- us was present with Titus at the siege of Jerusalem, and afterward accom- panied him to Rome, receiving the free- dom of the city. He assumed the name of Flavins, as a dependant of the Fla- vian family. His works are written in Greek, and are: "History of the Jewish War" (about a. D. 75) ; "Jewish Antiqui- ties" (about a. d. 93) ; His own "Life" (not earlier than a. d. 97) ; "A Treatise on the Antiquity of the Jews," or "Against Apion." He died about a. d. 100. JOSHUA, the name of four persons mentioned in the Old Testament (Josh, i: 1; I Sam. vi: 14-18; II Kings xxiiii: 8; Hag. i: 1). The last-named Joshua is the Jeshua of Ezra v: 2. The earliest and most celebrated of the four, after whom the other three were named, was the son of Nun, an Ephraimite (I Chron. yii:27), who first appears as command- ing the Israelites by appointment of Moses during the fight with Amalek. Before the death of Moses Joshua was divinely named his successor, and for- mally invested with authority (xxvii: 18). He afterward led the Israelitish host in the conquest of Canaan. He died at the age of 110, and was buried at Timnath-serah, in Mount Ephraim (Joshua xxiv: 30). The Book of Joshwt. — The 6th book of the Old Testament, immediately succeed* ing the Pentateuch in the Hebrew. The events recorded are considered to have occupied about 25 years, from 1451 to 1426 B. C. The expression "to this day'* occurs 14 times in the book, once of Rahab's dwelling among the people (vi: 25), and apparently of the life of Caleb (xiv: 14). Hence, all but the concluding verses have been attributed to Joshua, or one of the elders who outlived him.
