JUGO-SLAVIA 290 JUGURTHA to between Serbia and Bulgaria. She also stirred up the greed of the reigning house of Bulgaria, promising support if Bulgaria would attack Serbia and take from her some of the territory which was to be hers. These intrigues suc- ceeded. Bulgaria made war on Serbia, was badly beaten, and Serbia acquired a large area of territory in Macedonia, much to the disappointment of Austria, and so bringing her nearer by one step to the final ideal. This brought the situation to a critical point. Austria was now genuinely alarmed over the growth of Serbian na- tionalism. The dormant patriotism of the Serbs in the Austrian provinces had been profoundly awakened by the success of Serbia, and the Jugo-Slav movement took on vigorous grovirth. Austria re- sponded by repressive measures, and be- gan planning a war which should once and forever crush Serbia. On the other hand, Serbia, if not officially, at least un- officially encouraged the nationalistic movement in the Austrian Slav pro- vinces. The crisis occurred when the young Serb revolutionary agitator, Gabrilowitz, on June 28, 1914, assassinated the Arch- duke Francis Ferdinand, Heir Apparent of Austria-Hungary, and his morganatic wife,^ during their visit to the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo. This was the pretext for the war of annihilation which Aus- tria was planning, and hostilities were accordingly precipitated. But the war spread as Austria had not anticipated, bringing in elements on which she had not figured. First of all, when Austria, in the very beginning of the war, attempted to invade and con- quer Serbia, she was severely defeated, three times in succession, and was eventually compelled to call on Germany to send troops to her aid. For the time being the Serbian armies were driven out of Serbia, the surviving portions finding refuge on the Island of Corfu, under the protection of the Allies. After recuper- ating for a year, they again took the field beside the Allied troops in Macedonia and were foremost in breaking the Teu- tonic front and marching victoriously back into Serbia. This decisive victory on the Macedon- ian front, in the fall of 1918, was the beginning of the end of the Austrian Empire. So shattered were the compo- nent parts of the Empire that immedi- ately the Jugo-Slavs were able to take steps toward the consolidation of the great state which had been their national ideal. In August, 1918, before the final de- feat of the Central Empires, a Jugo- Slav Congress was held at Laibach, which was attended by delegates from all the Slav peoples under Austrian domin- ion. Austria formally promised the con- vention that the Slavic states should have full autonomy under Austrian sov- ereignty, which should be merely nomi- nal, but even this far-reaching offer was unsatisfactory. On Nov. 3, 1918, a Pro- visional Government was proclaimed at Agram, of which Joseph Pogoanik, for- merly vice-president of the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, was elected President. On Dec. 21, 1918, it was announced that an agreement had been reached with Serbia, whereby that nation was to join the Jugo-Slav nation, the lat- ter naturally, to be changed from a republic to a monarchy. A new ministry was formed, under the Premiership of N. P. Pasitch, former Minister of the Interior of the Serbian Cabinet, and Prince Alexander of Serbia was named as Prince Regent. In January, 1919, the new government was established at Bel- grade, and in the following March the first session of the Jugo-Slav Parliament was held. Hitherto there had been some doubt as to Montenegro joining, but on April 20, 1919, the Montenegrin National Assembly voted overwhelmingly in favor of it. On Aug. 3, 1919, the Pasitch Cab- inet resigned, and a new one was formed under the leadership of Liouba Davido- vitch, a radical. This Ministry lasted only until Sept. 15, 1919, when it re- signed on account of the treaty with Aus- tria, with which republic the Jugo-Slavs had entered into active hostilities during the previous May, as a result of bound- ary disputes. The succeeding Cabinet was formed under Prof. Pavlovitch. Meanwhile a serious dispute had arisen between the new Jugo-Slav State and Italy, over part of the Dalmatian coast, Fiume being the center of the disputed territory. The decision of this problem, however, became a question of interna- tional import and the subject of diplo- matic negotiations between all the Al- lied governments during the year 1920. It was finally settled in December, 1920, by the cession of Dalmatia to Jugo-Slavia, and the establishment of Fiume as an independent city. See Italy. JUGULAR VEINS, veins of the neck which return the blood from the head; they are three in number, the external, the anterior, and the internal jugular. JUGURTHA (-gur-tha). King of Numidia, son of Mastanabal, who was a natural son of Masinissa. He was care- fully educated with Adherbal and Hiempsal, the sons of his uncle Micipsa,
