JURA 297 JURY sun at the rate of 28,743 miles an hour, it takes nearly 12 years to complete its revolution; this, therefore, is the length of its year. It is surrounded by four conspicuous belts of a brownish-gray color, two N., two S. of the equator, with feebler ones toward the poles. The equa- torial region of the planet is brighter than the rest. Jupiter has nine satel- lites, four of which were discovered Jan. 6, 1610, by Galileo, and another Sept. 9, 1892, by Prof. Edward E. Barnard, then of the Lick Observatory. The four dis- covered by Galileo are usually known by their numbers, which proceed in order of distance from the planet. If named they are called lo, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. The 9th satellite was dis- covered by Nicholson in 1914. JURA (zhii-ra'), a department in the E. of France, bordering on Switzerland; area 1,951 square miles; pop., about 250,000. A large part is covered by the Jura (g.v.) Mountains, and it is drained by the Ain and the Oignon. The pas- tures are both extensive and rich, and the cattle reared on them, together with their dairy produce (including Gruyere cheese), form the chief source of wealth. Iron is worked, marble and alabaster abound, and there are salt springs in dif- ferent quarters, from which salt is made. Capital, Lons-le-Saulnier. JURA (jo'ra), a range of mountains of a peculiar limestone formation, oolitic in composition, and generally called Jur- assic, which extends from the angle formed by the Rhone and the Ain, in a N. E. direction (with a gradually de- clining elevation) for more than 450 miles, to the upper course of the Main. But it is usual to restrict the name to the I'anges that lie along the frontier of Switzerland and France — mainly in the departments of Doubs, Jura, and Ain. The ranges are broken by numerous transverse gorges or "cluses." Lime- stone caves are numerous, and they abound in magnificent stalactites and in the bones of extinct animals. Some rivers of considerable size sink into the ground and reappear after some dis- tance, as the Orbe, the Doubs, and the Creuse. JURASSIC SYSTEM, the name given ty geologists to what is termed in Eng- land the Oolitic system of strata, being very characteristic of the Jura Moun- tains: and also used in a wider sense to include both the 031ite and Lias. JURISDICTION, in ordinary lan- giuage and law: (1) The legal power, right, or authority oi administering jus- tice; the legal power which a court of equity has of deciding cases brought and tried before it; the legal right by which judges exercise their authority; judicial authority over a cause. (2) The power or right of governing or legis- lating; the power or right of exercising; authority, or of making and enforcing laws. (3) The extent to which such au- thority extends; the district within which such power may be exercised. Appellate jurisdiction, jurisdiction in cases of ap- peal from inferior courts. Original jur- isdiction, the legal right of hearing and determining a case in the first instance. In Roman Catholic theology, ecclesi- astical jurisdiction is defined as the "power which is concerned with the wor- ship of God and the salvation of souls, and is exercised in foro externo as well as in foro intenio." By commission from the_ Supreme Pontiff, whose powers, theo- logians teach, are derived from Christ through Peter, are constituted legates, patriarchs, pi-imates, and prelates: by law or canon, rectors of universities, superiors of convents, provosts, and vicars-general receive their jurisdiction; and a jurisdiction exercised without challenge for 40 years is valid by pre- scription. To absolve a penitent, juris- diction is necessary. Secular priests ob- tain this from their bishops; but con- fessors belonging to the regular orders have jurisdiction from the Pope over all the faithful when they have obtained the approbation of the bishop. A penitent in articulo mortis may be validly ab- solved, even in reserved cases, by a sim- ple priest, even if degraded, apostate, or irregular. In ordinary cases, absolution given by a priest without jurisdiction is void. JURISPRUDENCE, the science of law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a community, neces- sary for the due administration of jus- tice. General jurisprudence, the science or philosophy of positive law. Pai-ticu- lar jurisprudence, the knowledge of the law of any particular nation. Medical jurisprudence, see Medical Jurisprud- ence. JURY, a number of men selected ac- cording to law, impaneled, and sworn to inquire into and to decide on facts, and to give their true verdict according to the evidence legally laid before them. In courts of justice there are three kinds of juries, grand juries, special juries, and petit or common jury. The grand jury consists of 12 to 23 men; petit and special juries of 12 men each, and the verdicts given must be unanimous. They are appointed both in civil and criminal cases. A special jury is re-
