JUSTINIAN I. 300 JUTLAND apology in their behalf, which had the desired effect. He afterward addressed another apology to Marcus Aurelius, in which he defended the Christians against the calumnies of Crescens, a Cynic philosopher. For this, and his neglect of pagan worship, he was condemned to be scourged, and then beheaded, which sentence was put in execution A. D. 165. JUSTINIAN (-tin'i-an) I. (FLAVIUS ANICIUS JUSTINIANUS), a Byzantine emperor; born in Tauresium, Dardania, Illyricum, probably May 11, 483. He succeeded his uncle Justin I. in 527. He had married Theodora, a well-known actress and courtesan, who was created Augusta, and crowned the same day as her husband. About the same time, Belisarius (q. v.), was married to An- tonina, a professional companion of Theodora; and to the intrigues and jeal- ousies stirred up by these two women are to be attributed the stains on Justinian's personal character. The political events of his reign may be summed up in the wars of Belisarius and the eunuch Narses, who obtained splendid successes over the Persians in the East, and the Vandals and Goths in Italy, and in the terrible sedition which broke out in Con- stantinople in 532, and was extinguished in the blood of 30,000 persons. In the latter case, Justinian I. would have fled from his capital, but for the courage and talents of Theodora. The glory of his reign is the famous Justinian Code iq.v.). Justinian I. was also a great builder and engineer, and works of pub- lie utility were kept constantly in prog- ress in all parts of the empire. He was remarkable for temperance, great learn- ing and diligent application to business; but his religious bigotry, and his weak- ness in the hands of Theodora, marred all his good qualities. He died Nov. 14, 565. JUSTINIAN II., surnamed Rhinot- METUS, a Byzantine emperor. He suc- ceeded his father, Constantine IV. in 685. He was deposed and banished for his cruelty, by his general, Leontius, 695; regained his throne 10 years afterward, and, exhibiting the same ferocious dis- position, was assassinated, 711. JUSTINIAN CODE, a famous digest of the Roman law, compiled from the Gregorian, Theodorian, and Hermogenian codes, at the command of the Emperor Justinian I., by 10 of the ablest lawyers of his reign, under the guidance of the jurisconsult Tribonian. Their labors consisted (1) of the "Statute Law," or Justinian Code, properly so called; (2) the "Pandects," a digest of the decisions and opinions of former magistrates and lawyers — these two compilations con- sisted of matter that lay scattered through more than 2,000 volumes, now reduced to 50; (3) the "Institutes," an abridgment in four books, containing the substance of all the laws in an elemen- tary form; (4) the laws of modern date, including Justinian's own edicts, col- lected into one volume, and called the "New Code." These labors, which a Caesar had not been able to accomplish, were completed by the year 541. JUTE, a textile fabric obtained from Corchorus capsularis, a plant belonging to the natural order Tilacese (lime or linden). The jute plant is a native of the warmer parts of India, where its cul- tivation is carried on, especially in Ben- gal, on an extensive scale. It is an annual plant, growing to height of 12 or 14 feet. The fiber forms the inner bark of the plant, and possesses in an eminent degree the tenacity common to the bark of the plants of this order. The fiber is fine, and has a shining sur- face; it is injured by exposure to water, and hence is not well adapted for cordage and canvas, but is in extensive use for making bags, and in the United States and Great Britain serves many useful purposes, being mixed with hemp for cordage, and with silk in the manu- facture of cheap satins; its principal use is in the manufacture of coarse cloth for bagging, and in making the founda- tion of inferior carpets, mats, etc. In Bengal, jute has been cultivated, and its fibers woven into various fabrics from a remote period. The headquarters of this branch of industry are at Dundee. jiJTERBOG (yu'ter-boG) , or JUTER- BOGK (-bok), a town in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, 39 miles by rail S. S. W. of Berlin. Cloth, cigars, and wine are manufactured. Near Jiiterbog is Dennewitz, where the Prus- sians under Bulow defeated the French under Ney and Oudinot, Sept. 6, 1813. Pop., about 8,000. JUTIAPA (Ho-te-a'pa), a department of Guatemala, bounded on the N. by Jalapa and Chiquimula, on the S. by the Pacific Ocean; on the S. E. by Salvador, on the W. by Santa Rosa; area 1,563 square miles; principal industries cattle- raising and coffee and sugar planting. Capital, Jutiapa. JUTLAND, a division of Denmark, formerly comprising the whole conti- nental portion of the Danish dominion, but now restricted to the part of the peninsula belonging to Denmark to the N. of Schleswig, being about 170 miles in
