JUTLAND BANK 302 JUVENILE COURTS British reports, the German column "crumpled" under this unexpected at- tack. The British had succeeded in estab- lishing what is technically known as a "cap"; they enveloped the German column. But to the advantage of the Germans, night was coming on. Von Scheer, who, as von Hipper's superior, was in command of the German ships as a whole, turned from east to west, and sent his whole fleet of destroyers against the British. Fortunately Jellicoe de- tected the strategy, and himself sent forward his destroyers, and a battle of destroyers took place in the fog between the two main fleets. At the same time the (German fleet drew off to the west- ward, the British fleet passed completely around the German flank and reached a position to the southward, at a point between the German fleet and its base at Helgoland. By this time complete darkness had set in and firing had practically ceased, as neither side could distinguish friend from foe. During the night there were frequent encounters between the de- stroyers of the respective fleets. When daylight came, at about three o'clock, the fog had lifted, but the German ships were no longer in sight. Jellicoe re- ported that he conducted a thorough search, but the British ships dared not approach much nearer toward the Ger- man base, which was thickly strewn with mines. On the following day the British fleet was back in its home port, taking stock of its losses. These proved to be: three battle cruisers, three armored cruisers and eight destroyers. The Ger- mans later reported that they had lost one battleship, one battle cruiser, four light cruisers, and five destroyers. The total tonnage of British ships lost was 117,150. The Germans acknowl- edged a loss of 60,720. The loss of men by the British was 6,105. That of the Germans was 2,414. Of the small number of capital ships lost, four were flagships. Two British rear admirals, Hood and Arbuthnot, went down with their ships. Two ad- mirals, the German von Hipper and the British Burney, shifted their flags in the thickest of the fight; von Hinper from the "Luetzow" to the "Moltke," Burney from the "Marlborough" to the "Revenge." One of the outstanding features of this battle is the little indication of new development in naval tactics or methods of fighting during the war, as compared to the many radical innovations which appeared in the land fighting. Neither submarines nor aircraft played any part in the engagement, though available to both sides. In material damage and loss of lives the Germans obviously had the advan- tage in the battle, and this fact was made the basis for claims of a great vic- tory by the Germans. But the fact re- mained that Great Britain still retained command of the sea, and the Germans had fled from the scene of action. Nevertheless, the British fleet had lost a little of its prestige on account of the superior gunnery shown by the Ger- mans. Considered in its largest aspect, how- ever, the battle was undoubtedly a Brit- ish victory. The German fleet had sailed on a mission whose object is still in doubt; the official despatches described it as "a mission to the north." The most northerly point reached was only 180 miles from the German base, and the whole fleet, or what was left of it, was back in port within thirty-six hours of the time of departure. Whatever it was, the German object had failed. More- over, the Glerman fleet never again ven- tured out to battle, remaining in port until the end of the war. Considering its influence in bringing the war to a favorable end for the Allies, the Battle of Jutland was unquestionably an Allied victory. JUTURNA (-turn'-), the daughter of Daunus, changed by Jupiter into a foun- tain, whose waters had the power of restoring virginity. JUVENAL (ju've-nal) (DECIUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS), a Roman poet and satirist; born probably in Aquinum, Campania, about the beginning of the reign of Claudius. He studied rhetoric under^ the most celebrated masters,^ and is said to have become an eminent pleader. His first essay as a poetical satirist was directed against the player Paris, and for repeated attacks of the same kind he is said to have been sent into an honorable kind of exile, by being made commander of a cohort at Pent- apolis, on the borders of Egypt, in his 80th year. Juvenal may be said to have been the last of the Roman poets, and as the bold and unflinching castigator of vice he stands without a rival. Sixteen of his satires are extant. JUVENILE COURTS, law Courts es- tablished to deal separately and in a diff'erent way with criminals who are between the ages of 8 and 16. For the last fifty years it has been deemed essen- tial by penologists that the State should assume a different attitude toward young offenders, and that its purpose should be
