KAROLYI 320 KASCHAU sian rupture. He returned to Berlin as ambassador Dee. 22, 1871, and soontook rank as one of the most distinguished and experienced diplomatists there. In February, 1879, he was sent to England as ambassador. He was one of the mem- bers of the Berlin Congress. He died in 1889. kIroLYI, count MICHAEL, a Hungarian statesman; born of a noble wealthy family, was educated for a life of leisure, but at a comparatively early age became interested in politics. Grad- ually, as a member of Parliament, he became known as the Don Quixote of Hungarian politics. Beginning as a conservative, he turned toward liberal- ism, and before the European War was waging a campaign for the separation of the Kingdom from the Austrian Em- pire. When the war broke out in 1914, he was in the United States, organizing the sentiment of the Hungarians in this country in favor of his propaganda. On his return he was interned for a while in France, but his well-known anti- German sentiments caused his release. He was strongly opposed to the war. On Oct. 31, 1918, after the collapse of the Austrian Empire, the liberal and radical elements of Hungary raised Karolyi to the premiership of the Gov- ernment of the country, as a preliminary to proclaiming it a republic. Karolyi's task was extremely difficult, on account of the attitude of the Allies, who gave him no support in his endeavor to save the remnants of Hungarian nationality. On March 22, 1919, he abandoned his efforts and surrendered the reins of government to the Communists, or ex- treme Socialists, who were at the time the only political force organized. KARPATHIAN- MOUNTAINS. See Carpathian Mountains. KARR, ALlPHONSE (kar), a French writer; born in Paris, Nov. 24, 1808. He was educated at the College Bourbon. Among his novels were "The Shortest Way" (1836); "Genevieve" (1838); "Clotilde" (1839) ; "A Journey Around My Garden" (1846). "Woman" (1853) was a study^ of morals. One of his most characteristic efforts was the series of papers called "Les Guepes," anecdotic, critical, witty, satirical, caustic, in fact well-nigh unique. He died in St. Raphael, Var, Sept. 29, 1890. His daughter, Therese Karr (born 1835), published tales and historical books. KARm, a valuable timber largely ex- ported from western Australia, and ob- tained from an enormous tree belonging to the eucalyptus family. KARS (kars), a fortress of Russian Armenia, about 110 miles N. E. of Erze- rum. It is on a tableland of upward of 6,000 feet in elevation. Pop. about 35,000, mostly Armenians, who carry on an active transit trade. In 1828 Kars was taken from the Turks by the Rus- sians under Paskevitch It was bril- liantly defended by the Turks under General Williams for six months in 1855. At the beginning of the war of 1877- 1878 Kars was invested by the Russians; but relieved in July by Mukhtar Pasha; besieged again in the autumn, it was carried by storm Nov. 18, 1877, by Gen- eral Lazareff. Kars, long a bulwark of the Ottoman empire in Asia, was one of the Armenian fortresses, the cession of which to Russia was agreed to by the Berlin Congress in 1878. KARSHI (ancient Nakhsheb) , a town of Bokhara, central Asia. Commercially it is of great importance in the transit trade between Bokhara, Kabul, and India. Its knives and firearms are ex- ported to all parts of central Asia, Persia, Arabia and Turkey. Pop. about 25,000, mostly Usbegs, with a mixture of Tajiks, Indians, Afghans, and Jews. KAR ST, THE, a desolate limestone plateau in Austria, at the base of Istria. It is noted for its subterranean streams, its rocks, caves, and fertile pits, the lat- ter both small, and large enough to con- tain groves, forests, and temporary lakes formed by the rainfall. The famous Adelsberg grotto is here. KARUN (ka-ron') RIVER, the Ulai of Dan. viii: 2, the sole navigable river of Persia, rising in the Zardah Koh Mountains, near Ispahan, and flowing W. through gorges of the Bakhtiari range to Shuster, the capital of the province of Arabistan, where it becomes navigable. KASANLIK, a town of Eastern Rumelia, at the foot of the Balkans, five miles from the S. end of the Shipka Pass, and 87 miles N. W. of Adrianople. It manufactures attar of roses. Its capture by the Russians Jan. 7, 1878, led to the surrender of the Turkish defenders of the Shipka Pass. Pop. about 25,000. KASCHAU (ka'show), one of the oldest and handsomest towns of Hun- gary; in the valley of Hernad, 130 miles N. E. of Budapest. The cathedral of St. Elizabeth (built 1270-1468) is the finest Gothic edifice in _ Hungary. The town ranks as the provincial capital of north- ern Hungary, has an agricultural insti- tute, and a royal tobacco factory; stone- ware, furniture, starch, nails, and paper are also manufactured. Kaschau is cele-
