LANCASTER 407 LANCASTER SOUND LANCASTER, a city and county-seat of Fairfield cc, O.; on the Hocking river and canal, and the Hocking Valley, Penn- sylvania Company, and other railroads; 32 miles S. E. of Columbus. It is the farming trade center for the county; and is engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, foundry prod- ucts, flour, shoes, wood-pulp machinery and glass. It is the seat of the State Industrial School for Boys; contains a fine court house, high school; National bank, and many churches, and has elec- tric light and street railroad plants; a good water supply; daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. Pop. (1910) 13,- 093; (1920) 14,706. LANCASTER, a city and county-seat of Lancaster co., Pa., on the Pennsyl- vania, the Philadelphia and Reading, and other railroads; 68 miles W. of Phil- adelphia. It is the manufacturing trade center for the county; is an important tobacco market; and is engaged in to- bacco growing, cigar-making, cattle- raising, and the manufacture of cotton goods, iron and steel goods, shoes, and combs. It is the seat of Franklin and Marshall College; contains the Lancas- ter, St. Joseph's, and the County Hos- pitals, Children's Home, Mechanics' and Y. M. C. A. libraries, and Conestoga Park, and has gas and electric light plants, electric street railroads. National and State banks and about 50 churches. Lancaster was settled in 1729 ; was State capital in 1799-1812; and chartered a city in 1818. Congress sat in Lancaster for a few days in 1777. Pop. (1910) 47,227; (1920) 53,150. LANCASTER, the name of a royal English house, which flourished in two lines. The first commences with Ed- mund, son of Henry III. and Eleonora of Provence, and brother of Edward I., employed by the latter as ambassador to Philip of France, and afterward as com- mander in the expedition for the recov- ery of Guienne. Born in London, 1245; died in Bayonne, in 1296. Thomas, his son and successor in the earldom, cousin- german to Edward IL, headed the con- federacy of barons against Piers Gaves- ton, and finally shared the responsibility of his death with Hereford and Arundel. He was at length taken in arms against the sovereign, and beheaded at Pomfret, in 1322. Henry (previously Earl of Leicester), brother and heir of Thomas, joined the conspiracy of Isabella and Mortimer against Edward II., and re- ceived the king into his custody at Kenil- worth. He was subsequently appointed guardian and protector of the person of his son, Edward III. He died in 1345. Henry, his son (previously Earl of Derby), after vainly endeavoring to make peace with John, King of France, under the mediation of the Pope at Avignon, was sent with an army into Normandy, and took pai't in the victory of Poitiers, and the subsequent French wars. About this time his title was changed to Duke of Lancaster. He died in 1362. The next Duke of Lancaster commences a new lineage, that of the princes opposed to the house of York. The first in the line was John of Gaunt, or Ghent, third son of Edward IIL; born in 1339. He was married succes- sively to the daughter of Henry, the last duke, and to the daughter of Peter, King of Castile. His name is one of the most celebrated in English history, and in the chivalry of the Middle Ages. He died in 1399. Henry of Hereford, the suc- cessor of John of Gaunt in the dukedom, was son to him by his first wife. He claimed the crown by descent, by the mother's side, from Edmund the first earl, who was popularly supposed to be the elder brother of Edward I. He be- came king by deposing Richard II., 1399. He reigned as Henry IV. till his death in 1422, and was succeeded by his son, Henry V. The son of the latter also inherited the crown as Henry VI., and in his reign the feuds of York and Lan- caster broke out, which ended in the union of the two houses in the person of Henry VII. LANCASTER, capital of Lancashire, England, on the River Lore and a branch of the Midland railway, 230 miles N. W. by N. from London. It lies on an eminence overlooking Morecombe Bay to the W. and the buildings include the cas- tle and church of St. Mary, several hand- some modern churches, Storey Institute, museum and library, Palestine Hall, Ripley Hospital, Ashton Memorial and new town hall. The manufactures include cotton, silk, pottery and leather goods. The town goes back to Saxon times and its first charter was granted in 1193. Pop. about 43,000. LANCASTER, DUCHY OF, a terri- torial hereditament of the British sov- ereign, and to all intents his private ap- panage. It is in Lancashire, mostly, and one of the titles of the King of Great Britain and Ireland is Duke of Lancaster. LANCASTER SOUND, a W. outlet of Baffin Bay, in lat. 74° 20' N., connected with Boothia Gulf on the S. by means of Prince Regent Inlet. Though this opening into the Arctic Ocean was dis- covered by Baffin in 1616, it was first navigated by Parry in 1819.
