LANDKES-ET-ST. GEORGES 410 LANDSEBONA 1829. Landor neither sought nor won popularity. Haughty and of a savage independence, he probably despised his contemporaries. His works, most of them of exquisite finish, rank high with discriminating minds. He died in Flor- ence, Italy, Sept. 17, 1864. LANDRES-ET-ST. GEORGES, village near Buzancy, in the department of Ardennes, France, which was the scene of considerable fighting in the World War. During the war it was occupied by the Germans and suffered greatly in the struggle in the Meuse Valley. Pop. about 500. LANDSCAPE-GARDENING, an art which deals with the disposition of ground, water, buildings, trees and other plants which go to the composition of verdant landscape. Such in a broad sense is the definition of the art; for it may be employed to create a beautiful and harmonious scene where only nature in barren wilderness reigned before, or to merely improve and adapt existing natural beauties and resources to the requirements of taste and convenience. Landscape-gardening has been practiced from the earliest dawn of civilization, but little of a reliable kind is known of the style or features of the gardens of the Jews, the Phoenicians, Assyrians, or even those of the ancient Greeks. The Romans introduced landscape-gar- dening into Britain; but the art was lost when the country was abandoned by them to the Saxons. As, however, it had meantime been fostered in France, it was probably reintroduced by the Normans. Henry I., according to Henry of Huntingdon, had a park {habitationem ferarum) at Woodstock. William Kent (1684-1748) and Lancelot Brown (1715- 1783), better known as "Capability Brown," may be considered as the founders of modern English landscape- gardening. The American Society of Landscape Architects was founded in 1899, which awarded the first degree in 1901. There are now (1920) a number of institutions in different parts of the United States that award degrees for proficiency in the art. LANDSEER, SIR EDWIN, an Eng- lish painter; born in London, England, March 7, 1802. He began to draw ani- mals when a mere child; at 13 he ex- hibited at the Academy, and the year following became a student. Hencefor- ward he exhibited regularly at the Acad- emy and the British Institution. In 1826 he was elected A. R. A.; in 1830 R. A.; in 1850 he was knighted, and in 1865 he declined the presidency of the Academy. He took the very highest rank among animal painters. Among his best-known works are : "The Cat's Paw" (1824); "The Return from Deer- Stalking" (1827) ; "High Life, and Low Life" (1831) ; "Highland Drover Depart- ing for the South" (1835) ; "The Return from Hawking" (1837); "The Shep- herd's Chief Mourner" (1837) ; "A Dis- tinguished Member of the Humane Society" (1838); "There's Life in the Old Dog Yet" (1838); "Laying Down the Law" (1840) ; "Defeat of Comus" (1842) ; "Shoeing" (1844) ; "The Stag at Bay" (1846); "A Dialogue at Water- loo" (1850); "Monarch of the Glen" (1851); "Titania and Bottom" (1851); "Swannery Invaded by Sea - eagles" (1869) ; the celebrated work of sculpture, the Lions at the base of Nelson's Monu- ment, Trafalgar Square, London. He died in London, Oct. 1, 1873. Charles Landseer (1799-1879), brother of the above, had a good reputation as a painter of subjects from English history and poetry. He was chosen Academician in 1845, and keeper of the Academy in 1851. Thomas Landseer (1795-1880), brother; was celebrated as an engraver, and made many reproductions of his brother's works. John Landseer (1769- 1852), engraver, father of the above. He was elected associate engraver of the Academy, 1807; lectured on, and pub- lished several treatises on art. LAND'S END, the extreme W. point of England, forming part of the county of Cornwall. It is a rocky promontory washed by the waters of the Atlantic. LANDSHITT (lands'hot), a pictur- esque town of Lower Bavaria, on the Isar, 44 miles by rail N. E. of Munich; has breweries, manufactories of tobacco, wagons, hats, etc., and an active trade in com. Of its 11 churches, St. Mar- tin's (1477) has a steeple 436 feet high. The castle of Trausnitz (1232) was partially restored in 1872-1874. The Dominican monastery (1271) was the seat of the university. During the Thir- ty Years' War and the war of the Aus- trian succession Landshut was several times captured; and here, April 16, 1809, the Austrians drove back the Bavarians, but were in turn defeated by Napoleon five days later. Pop. about 25,000. LANDSKRONA (lands'kro-na), a seaport of Sweden; on the Sound, 16 miles N. N. E. from Copenhagen; it has a good harbor, carries on sugar-refining, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of tobacco and leather, exports considerable corn and butter, and imports raw sugar, coal, and grain. The town was a fort-
