LANGSIDE 414 LANGUAGE an elevation of 1,530 feet above sea-level; 184 miles E. S. E. of Paris; a place of military importance as key of the communication between the Seine and the Rhone, it has been strongly forti- fied since 1868, and has a cathedral of the 12th and 13th century; pop. about 6,000. Langres (ancient Andomatu- num) in Caesar's time was the capital of the Lingones, a name corrupted into Langres. SAMUEL p. LANGLEY LANGSIDE, a S. suburb of Glasgow. Here, after her escape from Loch Leven, Queen Mary's forces were totally de- feated by the Regent Moray, May 13, 1568. A monument (1887) commemo- rates the battle. LANG-SON, a town in Tongking; N. E. of Ha-noi; near the frontier of the Chinese province of Kwang-si. It was a center of operations in the Franco- Chinese war of 1884-1885. LANGTON, STEPHEN, an English statesman; born about 1150. He re- ceived his education in the University of Paris, fellow-student of the future Pope Innocent III.; he rose to the office of chancellor of the university. Inno- cent, after his elevation, gave Langton a post in his household, and afterward made him a cardinal (1206). On the occasion of the disputed election to the see of Canterbury in 1205-1207 Langton was recommended by the Pope to those electors who had come to Rome on the appeal, and, having been elected, was consecrated by Innocent at Viterbo, June 17, 1207. His appointment was resisted by" King John ; and Langton was kept out of the see until John made terms with Innocent in 1213. In the conflict of John with his barons Langton was their parti- san, and his name is the first of the sub- scribing witnesses of Magna Charta. And, though the Pope excommunicated the barons, Langton refused to publish the excommunication, and was in conse- quence suspended from his functions by the Pope in 1215, But after the acces- sion of Henry III. he was reinstated (1218) in his see. Died July 9, 1228. LANGUAGE, human speech; the ag- gregate of those articulate sounds, called words, used to express perception and thought, accepted by and current among any community; the expression of thought by articulate sounds or words; the body of uttered and audible sounds by which, in human society, thought is expressed. Also a particular set or aggregate of articulate sounds or words peculiar to a particular race, nation, tribe, or com- munity; as, the English language, the French language, etc.; each of these of- ten presents local varieties, to which the name of dialects has been given. Lan- guages are divided according to two prin- ciples: First, morphologically, accord- ing to the structure of the language and the manner in which the sounds are formed or combined; and secondly; gene- alogically, according to their connection and relationship with respect to origin. The first class consists of three subdivi- sions of language, denominated isolating, agglutinating and inflectional. Isolat- ing languages, of which Chinese is an example, consist entirely of monosyllabic, unchanging roots. The Scythian is the type of what is called an agglutinative structure, in which the root maintains itself unaltered in the whole group of derivatives and inflections, and each suf- fix has an unchanged form and office. The Basque and Armenian languages are also agglutinative, with this difference, that the roots which are joined together have been abbreviated, as in the Basque ilhun=tvfiight, from hil=dead+ egun= day. To these languages it has been pro- posed to give the distinctive name of in- corporating or polysynthetic languages. In inflectional languages, which are the most highly developed, the roots are cap- able of being modified by prefixes or suf- fixes, which were once independent words. Languages, when classified genealogi- cally, are divided into families or groups
