LAUmUM 430 liAVATER in England. He was appointed a mem- ber of the Privy Council. Died 1919. LATJRIUM, a mountain (1,171 feet) of Attica, Greece, connected by a railway with Athens. It was famous in ancient times for its silver mines, but these were already exhausted in Strabo's day. Since 1874, however, the great heaps of slag have been profitably worked. LAXTEIUM, a village of Michigan, formerly known as Calumet. It is on the Mineral Range and the Copper Range railroads. It is the center of one of the largest and richest copper producing dis- tricts in the United States. Pop.. (1910) 8,537; (1920) 6,696. LAUSANNE (16-zan'), capital of the Swiss canton of Vaud, on the S. slope of the Jura Mountains, close to the N. shore of the Lake of Geneva, on which the village of Ouchy (where Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon") forms its harbor. Here Gibbon resided and wrote the greater part of the "Decline and Fall." John Kemble, the actor, died and was buried here. Pop. (1918) 74,000. LAUZANNE, STEPHANE JOSEPH VINCENT, a French journalist. He was born in 1874, and received his educa- STEPHANE LAUZANNE tion in the public schools of France. He early entered the newspaper field, distin- guishing himself both as a writer and in the executive side of the profession. As editor of the Paris "Matin" he introduced the method of big headlines, supposed to be characteristic of American papers, and greatly increased its circulation. He is an officer of the Legion of Honour. LAVA, a term used vaguely of all molten matter existing within or flovdng in streams from volcanic vents, but more specifically confined to the latter, the for- mer being called trap. The lower part of it which has consolidated slowly and under pressure, tends to be of stony consistency, while the upper is scoria- ceous. Lavas vary greatly in composi- tion. Some are trachytic, as in the Peak of Teneriffe; many are basaltic, as in Vesuvius and Auvergne; others andesitic, as in the volcanoes of Chile. Some of the most modern in Vesuvius consist of green augite, and many of those of Etna of augite and Labrador felspar. LAVAL (la-val'), capital of the de- partment of Mayenne, and one of the most picturesque towns of France, on the Mayenne river; 46 miles E. of Ren- nes. Its chief buildings, both dating from the 12th century, are the cruciform cathedral and the old ducal castle of the Tremouilles (a prison now), in whose courtyard young Philip de la Tremouille, Prince de Talmont, was guillotined by the Republicans in 1794. Since the 13th century, when Flemish weavers settled here, the town has been the center of a district noted for its linen manufac- tures — linen, ticking, sacking, etc. In the vicinity the Vendeans, under La- rochejaquelein gained a victory over the Republicans. LAVAL UNIVERSITY, a French Catholic institution for higher education, founded in Quebec, Canada, in 1852. It includes faculties of theology, law, medi- cine, and arts. There are about 500 students. Rector, Monsigneur A. E. Gooseliu. LAVA MILLSTONE, a hard and coarse basaltic millstone, obtained from quarries near Andernach on the Rhine. LAVATER, JOHANN K A SPAR (lav'a-ter), a Swiss theologian; born in Zurich, Switzerland, Nov. 13, 1741. He was pastor of a church in his native town, and his religious writings won him great fame throughout Germany. In his "Christian Songs" (1776) he seeks^ to counteract the principles of Illuminism and Rationalism; and he has the same aim in the drama "Abraham and Isaac" (1776), in the epics "Jesus the Messiah, or the Coming of the Lord" (1780), "Joseph of Arimathea" (1794), etc. His views of the inner life of the soul find expression in his "Private Diary of a Self-Observer" (1772-1773). But his
