HOLLAND 35 HOLLAND HOLLAND, or PARTS OF HOL- LAND, a district of England, one of the three portions into which the county of Lincoln is divided. It occupies the S. E. part of the county round the Wash, and consists almost entirely of low, marsh, and fen land. HOLLAND, a fine and close kind of linen, so called from its first being manu- factured in Holland; also a coarser linen fabric, unbleached or dyed brown, used for covering furniture, carpets, etc., or for making window-blinds or the like. HOLLAND, NEW, the name formerly given to the island or continent of Aus- tralia. HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, LORD, an English publicist; born in 1773. He succeeded to the peerage by the death of his fa- ther when less than one year old. In 1798 he took his place in the House of Lords, and as the nephew of Charles James Fox, was at once acknowledged as a Whig leader. In 1806 he was com- missioner for settling disputes with the United States; lord privy seal in 1806- 1807; and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, He made Holland House the resort of the wit, talent, and beauty of his day. He died in 1840. HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, an English physician; born in Knutsford, Cheshire, Oct. 27, 1788. He wrote "Travels in Albania," "Thessaly"; settled in Lon- don in 1816, and soon became a leader in his profession. In 1828 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; in 1840 he was appointed physician-in-ordinary to the prince con- sort, and in 1852 physician-in-ordinary to the queen. His "Medical Notes and Reflections" was published in 1839. He died in London, Oct. 27, 1873. HOLLAND, JOHN P., an Irish-Amer- ican submarine inventor. He was born at Liseannor, Ireland, and received his preliminary education at the Limerick Christian Brothers' School. After pri- vate study he became a school teacher, remaining in that occupation for about ten years in Ireland and continuing in it in New Jersey, after he came to Amer- ica. He had an engineering turn of mind, and the threatening possibilities of a war between the United States and Great Britain suggested to him the idea of an undersea boat that might aid in destroying the British navy. His inces- sant experiments in this direction re- sulted in plans for a submarine tor- pedo boat, which he laid before the U.'S. government in 1875. His first vessel was of wood, and was only a partial success, but his boat, the "Holland," built at Elizabeth, N. J., proved successful and in 1898 was purchased by the govern- ment. Before he died his idea was de- veloped, but little lucrative advantage came to him on that account. He died in 1914 at a time when his invention was about to win signal results in the European war. HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT, an American author; born in Belchertown, Mass., July 24, 1819. He was graduated at the Berkshire Medical College, at Pittsfield, in 1844. He soon abandoned his profession, however, and became as- sistant editor of the Springfield "Repub- lican." In 1870 Mr. Holland removed to N.w York, where he founded "Scribner's ^xonthly," which he conducted success- fully till his death, Oct. 12, 1881. In this magazine appeared his novels, "Ar- thur Bonnicastle" (1873) ; "The Story of Sevenoaks" (1875); and "Nicholas Minturn" (1876). His "Timothy Tit- comb's Letters" (1858) had a large cir- culation only exceeded by his "Life of Lincoln." His most popular poems are "Bitter Sweet" (1858); "Kathrina" (1867); and "The Mistress of the Manse" (1874). HOLLAND, THOMAS ERSKINE. an English jurist; born in Brighton, July 17, 1835. He was educated at Oxford; was called to the bar in 1863; and in 1874 was elected Chicele Professor of International Law. His monumental work is "The Elements of Jurisprudence" (1880), Among his other publications the most notable are: "An Essay on Composition Deeds" (1864); "The Insti- tutes of Justinian" (1873) ; "The Euro- pean Concert in the Eastern Question" (1885); "A Manual of Naval Prize Law" (1888) ; and "Studies in Interna- tional Law" (1898). HOLLAND, WILLIAM J(ACOB), an American zoologist born in Jamaica, West Indies, in 1848. He graduated from the Moravian College and Theo- logical Seminary at Bethlehem, Pa., in 1867, and from Amherst College in 1869. He studied also at Princeton Theological Seminary. After serving as principal in several high schools in Massachusetts he became a Moravian minister and was pastor in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. From 1891 to 1901 he was chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania (now the University of Pittsburgh). In 1898 he became director of the Car- negie Institute at Pittsburgh. He served as naturalist in several expeditions. He
