LIDDELL 477 LIEBSNECHT electric light. The polar axis is of steel, 12 inches in diameter, 10 feet long. The declination axis is also of steel, is 10 inches in diameter, 10 feet long. The tube is of steel, 57 feet long. Its diame- ter is 4 feet at the center, tapering to- ward each end to 38 inches. This is made to follow the star by means of a driving-clock, weighing one ton, con- trolled by a double conical pendulum which is placed near the top, and within the column, and is reached by a landing from the spiral staircase. At the side of the great tube three small telescopes of 6-inch, 4-inch, and 3-inch apertures are attached, which serve as finders. The magnifying power ranges from 180 to 3,000 diameters. The object-glass is 36 inches clear aperture, and weighs, with its cell, 532 pounds. By special ac- cessories, the telescope is adapted to spectroscopic, photographic, and micro- metric work. The center of motion is 37 feet above the base and when the telescope is pointed to the zenith the object-glass is 65 feet above the base of the column. When turning the instru- ment in declination the weight that is put in motion is seven tons, and when turning it in right ascension 14 tons is being moved. The total weight of the instrument is 40 tons. LIDDELL, HENRY GEORGE, an English lexicographer, born in 1811. He was educated at Charterhouse and Christ Church, Oxford. He was made tutor of his college, and in 1845 Profes- sor of Moral Philosophy in his univer- sity. After acting for nine years (1846- 1855) as head-master of Westminster School, he returned to Christ Church as dean. From 1870 to 1874 he was vice- chancellor of the university. "Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon" (1843: 7th and definite ed. 1883) was based on the German one of Passer. It soon became indispensable to every serious student of Greek, and an edition was issued for schoolljoys. Dr. Liddell's collaborator was Robert Scott, D. D. (1811-1887), master of Balliol College (1854-1870). Dr. Liddell was the author of a "History of Rome" (1855). He died Jan. 18, 1898. LIE, JONAS, an American artist, born in Norway in 1880. He removed to America in 1893 and graduated from the Ethical Culture School in 1897. He studied designing at the National Acad- emy of Design; and at the Art Students* League, New York. His pictures are exhibited in nearly all important muse- ums in the United States. He received the first Hallgarten Prize from the Na- tional Academy of Design, in 1914. LIEBIG, JUSTUS, BARON VON (le'big), a German chemist; born in Darmstadt, May 12, 1803. In 1826 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University of Giessen, and there set up the first chemical laboratory for ex- perimental instruction. His treatises and memoirs on theoretical and practi- cal chemistry are very numerous, and are of exceptional value. Among his writings on the chemistry of agriculture are "Principles of Agnricultural Chemis- BARON VON LIEBIG try" (1855); "Theory and Practice of Farming" (1856); "Scientific Letters on Modem Farming" (1859). He died in Munich, April 18, 1873. LIEBKNECHT, KARL, a German So- cialist leader, born in Leipzig, in 1871. He was a son of William Liebknecht, the leader of the German Social Democratic Party. He was educated in the German universities and afterward studied law. He became prominent in the Socialist Party and was elected to the lower house of the Prussian Diet in 1908. Four years later he became a member of the Reichstag. At the outbreak of the war, and during its continuation, he opposed the war policy of Germany. Although he at once voted war credits, he soon re- fused to do so and was thrown into prison. He had previously suffered a term of imprisonment for the publica- tion of an anti-militaristic pamphlet in 1907. In 1915 he was called to the colors and served in the Labor Battalion. Whenever opportunity afforded, he un- dertook to obstruct the course of bust' Vol. V— Cyc— EB
