LI HUNG CHANG 484 LILIUOKALANI made a hereditary noble of the third class. In 1865 he was appointed Gover- nor-General of the Liang Kiang prov- inces, and in 1868 made Grand Chancel- lor, After the massacres at Tien-tsin in 1870 he was degraded and his titles taken away on the charge of not assist- ing the imperial commander of the troops; but in 1872 he was restored as Grand Chancellor and appointed Gover- nor-General of Chihli, the metropolitan province. He was also Senior Grand Secretary, the highest distinction that can be attained by a Chinese official. "When, in 1876, Margory was killed while endeavoring to explore southwestern China, Li Hung Chang was the commis- sioner for fixing the indemnity. He negotiated important treaties with Peru LI HUNG CHANG and Japan. He was a friend to foreign- ers and to Western civilization and cul- ture. As a member of the Board of Admiralty he originated the Chinese navy, and was the chief promoter of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company. He was imperial Commis- sioner of Trade for the N. ports. The emperor intrusted to him supreme charge of the military and naval forces sent to Korea in the Chino-Japanese War, and he bore nearly the whole burden of the War Department, Marine Department, and Financial Department of the Chi- nese Government. During the war with Japan the disasters to the Chinese armies and navy were laid to his blame, and he was degraded and punished, but still re- tamed his office of Prime Minister. He was sent to Japan in 1895 to negotiate the peace treaty, where he barely escaped assassination. In 1896 he made a tour of the world, traveling overland and was everywhere received as a highly distin- guished guest. He played a prominent part in adjusting the relations of China with foreign powers after the suppress- ing of the uprisings of 1900-1901. He died in Peking, China, Nov. 7, 1901. LILAC iSyringa), a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Oleaceae, and consisting of shrubs and small trees, with four-cleft corolla, two stamens, and a two-celled, two-valvular capsule. The common lilac (S. vulgaris) is one of the most common ornamental shrubs culti- vated in Europe and North America. It is a native of the N. of Persia, and was first brought to Vienna in the latter half of the 16th century by Busbecq, to whom we also owe the introduction of the tulip into European gardens. LILIUM, a genus of Liliacex, tribe TtdipecB, the typical genus of the tribe Lileas. Known species 40, all from the N. temperate zone. Lilium, tnartagon, the Martagon or Turk's cap lily, which has pale purple or white flowers, is naturalized in Surrey, England; its na- tive country is Continental Europe. L. pyrenaicum is a garden escape in Devon- shire, England. Lilium candidum is the white or Bour- bon lily, from the Levant; L. croceum is the yellow lily, from Germany; L. Ja- ponicum is the Japan lily; L. chalcedon- icuni is the scarlet Martagon lily, from the Levant; L. poMponium is the scarlet pompone lily, from Siberia; L. bidbi- ferum is the bulb-bearing or orange lily, from Italy; L. superbum is the superb Martagon lily, of North America; and L. tigrinum is the tiger or tiger-spotted lily from China. The finest of all is a Japanese species, L. auratum. It is two to five feet high, the flowers, which are white with purple blotches, being some- times a foot across. The smell is per- ceived at a distance. The bulbs of L. wallichianwin, an Indian species, have demulcent properties, and are used in pectoral complaints. L. pomponium is
- ultivated in Kamchatka for its roots,
which are roasted and eaten. LILIUOKALANI, Queen of Hawaii; born Sept. 2, 1838. She was a sister of King Kalakaua, whom she succeeded as queen. She married John O. Dominis, an American, who became governor of Oahu. He died in 1891 and in the same year she ascended the throne. In 1893 she was deposed, the islanders adopting a republican form of government. She used every effort to regain her suprem- acy and endeavored to secure assistance from the United States, visiting Wash-
