LINDSEY 489 LINN^AN SYSTEM tours throughout the United States, dis- tributing his own verses and reciting them. In 1920 he visited England, where he was received with great en- thusiasm. His works include "A Handy Guide for Beggars" (1916); "General William Booth Enters Heaven, and Other Poems" (1913); "The Congo and Other Poems" (1914) ; "The Chinese Nightingale and Other Poems'"' (1917). He wrote under the name of Vachel Lindsay. LINDSEY, BENJAMIN BARR, an American jurist and social worker, born in Jackson, Tenn., in 1869. He was educated in the public schools and after studying law was admitted to the bar in 1894. After practicing for several years in Denver, Colo., he was elected judge of the Juvenile Court. His ad- ministration at that court and his ad- vocacy of improved methods in dealing with juvenile offenders, won wide atten- tion and gave him international author- ity as to features of juvenile delinquency. Although strongly opposed, he was suc- cessively re-elected. He was the author of the Colorado Juvenile Court Law and also was the author of many laws passed by the Colorado Legislature. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Colorado in 1906. He lectured widely on children's problems and was the au- thor of "Problems of the Children"; "The Beast and the Jungle"; "The Rule of Plutocracy in Colorado." During the World War he was engaged in war work, both in the United States and abroad. LINEN, a general name for a cloth of very extensive use, made of flax, and differing from cloths made of hemp only in its fineness. The manufacture of linen is of so ancient a date that its origin is unknown. At a very early period linen cloths were made in Egypt, the cloth wrappings of the mummies be- ing all composed of this substance. In the time of Herodotus linen was exported from Egypt; it also formed the dress of the Egyptian priests, who wore it at all their religious ceremonies; hence they were called "linen wearing" by Ovid and Juvenal. Linen passed from _ Egypt to the Romans, but not till the time of the emperors, when the Roman priests be- gan to wear linen garments. Linen was also used as a material for writing; the Sibylline books, and the mummy band- ages covered with hieroglyphics, are in- stances of this use of the fabric. Linen and woolen cloths formed the only ma- terial for dresses during the Middle Ages; and fine linen was held in very high^ estimation, the manufacture being carried to the greatest perfection in Ger- many and Brabant. Cotton, on account of its cheapness, has taken the place of linen for many purposes; but the best paper cannot be manufactured without linen. About the middle of the 18th cen- tury the inventions of Hargreaves and Arkwright were first applied to the manufacture of linen at Leeds. The manufacture of linen was first intro- duced into the United States by the es- tablishment of a large mill at Fall River, Mass., in 1834. LINGARD, JOHN, an English hi.s- torian; born in Winchester, England, Feb. 5, 1771. He was educated at the college of Douay, in France, and on its removal to England, during the French Revolution, accompanied it there. The work on which his fame rests is his "History of England from the First In- vasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688"; the first edi- tion of which appeared between 1819- 182.5. It was subsequently considerably enlarged and is esteemed one of the best text-books on English history. He was author also of the "History and An- tiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church." The dignity of cardinal was offered to Lingard, and declined. He died in Hornby, Lancashire, England, July 17, 1851. LINk'oPING (Hufif'che-ping), one of the oldest towns in Sweden, capital of East Gothland and the seat of its bishop. The Romanesque cathedral, which dates from the 12th century, is one of the fin- est churches in Sweden. Since 1887 Lin- koping has had direct communication for vessels with the Baltic, and now exports timber and gilded moldings. Pop. (1918) 25,930. LINLITHGOW, an ancient royal burgh, the county-town of Linlithgow- shire, Scotland; 16 miles W. of Edin- burgh. Linlithgow Palace, mostly re- built between 1425 and 1628, was fired by Hawley's dragoons in 1746. It was the birthplace of James V. and Mary Stuart. LINN^AN SYSTEM, the sexual sys- tem of botany introduced by Linnaeus, which, though unequaled for the aid it affords in finding the name of a flower, yet labors under the fatal defect that it is purely artificial. Previous to his time, Jung, rector of the gymnasium at Ham- burg, who died in 1657, had introduced the Latin botanical nomenclature. Tour- nefort, who died in 1708, had been the first to classify plants into strictly de- fined genera. It remained for Linnaeus to arrange them and define the several genera and species scientifically. He
