LISTER 494 LITERARY PROPERTY expelled from the service. Lis^a was bombarded and captured by an Anglo- French fleet during the Great War. LISTER, LORD JOSEPH, an English surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He was graduated at London University in arts (1847) and medicine (1852) , and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Sur- geons, England, in 1852, and of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, in 1855. He was successively assistant surgeon and lecturer on surgery, Edinburgh; Regius Professor of Surgery, Glasgow; Professor of Clinical Surgery, Edin- burgh; Professor of Clinical Surgery, King's College Hospital, London (1877) ; and was made surgeon extraordinary to the queen. In addition to important ob- servations on the coagulation of the blood, the early stages of inflammation, and other matters, his great work is known as the antiseptic system of sur- gery. Lister was awarded many foreign honors, and received the medal of the Royal Society in 1880, the prize of the Academy of Paris in 1881. He was made a baronet in 1883 and a peer in 1897. Died at Walmer, England, Feb. 10, 1912. LISZT, FRANZ, a Hungarian pianist and musical composer; born in Raiding, Hungary, Oct. 2, 1811. His father, who was musical, directed his studies, and at the age of nine he was performing in public. Several Hungarian noblemen provided means to send him to Vienna, where he studied the pianoforte and com- position (1821-1823). He received fur- ther teaching in Paris. About 1839 he toured Europe as a pianist, and was re- ceived everywhere with enthusiasm. He settled in Weimar and became director of the Court Theater. In this position he was enabled to produce works by Schumann, Berlioz, and Wagner, and to win^ favor for their new methods of musical composition. He made Weimar fanious in the annals of music by pro- ducing Wagner's "Lohengrin" and Ber- lioz's "Benvenuto Cellini." In 1861 he resigned the^ directorship of Weimar and went to reside in Rome, where he took minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church in 1865, and was thenceforth generally known as Abbe Liszt. Subse- quently he retired from Rome to his native country, where in 1875 he received a_ government pension and was named director of the Hungarian Academy of Music in Budapest. He gave his assist- ance to foster the Wagner festivals of music in Bayreuth, and died there July 31, 1886. His chief musical composi- tions are: The "Faust" and "Dante" symphonies, "Hungarian Rhapsodies," "Symphonic Poems," and the oratorios of "St. Elizabeth" and "Christus." He also wrote monographs on Chopin and Franz. His writings were published in six vol- umes at Leipsic in 1880-1883. By the Countess D'Agoult, well known under the pseudonym "Daniel Stern," he had a son and two daughters. LITCHFIELD, a city in IVLontgomery CO., 111.; on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Illinois Cen- tral, and several other railroads; 60 miles S. W. of Decatur. It is in a region rich in coal, natural gas, and oil; and has manufactories of machinery, railroad cars, brick and tile, and flour. There are a public library, high schooL St. Francis Hospital, waterworks, electric light plants. National and State banks, daily, weekly, and monthly periodical^' Pop. (1910) 5,971; (1920) 6,215. LITCHFIELD, GRACE DENIO, an American writer; born in New York in 1849. She spent much time in travel and studied^ in Europe. She was a fre- quent contributor to magazines, and her best-known books are "Little Venice" (1890); "The Moving Finger Writes'* (1900) ; "The Burning Question" (1913). She also published two volumes of poems. LITCHI, or LEE-CHEE {Nephelium Litchi), one of the most delicious fruits of China, Cochin-China, and the Malay Archipelago. The tree which produces it belongs to the natural order Sapin- dacese, and has pinnate leaves. The fruit is of the size of a small walnut, and grows in racemes. It is a red or green berry, with a thin, tough, leathery, scaly rind, and a colorless, semi-trans« parent pulp, in the center of which is one large dark-brown seed. The pulp is slightly sweet, subacid, and very grate- ful. The Chinese preserve the fruit by drying, and in the dried state it is im- ported. LITER, or LITRE, the French stand- ard measure of capacity in the decimal system. It is a cube, each side of which measures 3.937 inches, and it contains 61.028 cubic inches, or 2.113 pints. LITERARY PROPERTY, property in intellectual productions expressed in a iterary form. In United States law it is defined as the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, and vending the same. Though there is evidence that among the Greeks and the Romans authors earned financial profit through their books, and though the scribes of the Middle Ages, who were almost ex- clusively monks, often gained their liveh- hood thereby, the right of property in the multiplication of such books is a modern
