ROSENFELD 118 ROSES he was appointed Ambassador to the United States and was one of the Russian delegates during the peace negotiations at Portsmouth, N. H. He was appointed to the Council of the Empire following his services in the United States, and re- mained in this position at the outbreak of the Revolution, in 1917, when he escaped to the United States. He wrote in 1920 "Forty Years of a Diplomat's Life." ROSENFELD, MAURICE (BER- NARD), an American pianist and music critic, born in Vienna, Austria, in 1867. He came to the United States in 1873. He was educated at the College of the City of New York and the Chicago Mu- sical College. From 1888 to 1911 he was a member of the faculty of this institu- tion, from 1911 to 1912 of the Sherwood Musical School, and from 1912 a mem- ber of the board of musical directors of the Chicago Musical College. In April, 1916, he established, at Chicago, a piano school bearing his name. He was music editor of the Chicago "Examiner" (1907 to 1915) and of the Chicago "Daily News," beginning with 1917. He was also a contributor to the "Musical Cour- ier," "Musical America," and several newspapers and was a member of several musical and journalistic societies. His appearances as a pianist were frequent and accompanied with success. ROSENTHAL, MORITZ, a pianist; born in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary, Dec. 18, 1862. In 1876 he gave his first con- cert, which led to fame; in 1878 was pianist to the Rumanian Court; in 1878- 1895 played in the principal cities of Europe; and in 1895 made his first ap- pearance in London, where he was enthu- siastically received. This was followed by many tours in Europe and the United States. ROSENWALD, JULIUS, an American merchant and philanthropist. He was born at Springfield, 111., in 1862, and in 1879 became connected with Hammer- slough Brothers, wholesale clothiers, New York. In 1885 he became president of Rosenwald & Weil, Chicago, and later became vice-president and then president of Sears, Roebuck & Co., mail order business, Chicago. In 1916 he was ap- pointed member of the Advisory Commis- sion of the Council of National Defense and chairman of the commission on sup- plies. He has contributed time and money to civic, philanthropic, and educational enterprises and on his fiftieth birthday gave about $700,000 to the University of Chicago, Social Workers Country Club and other institutions. He gave hand- somely to Y. M. C. A. buildings for col- ored men and to colored people in the South. ROSE OF JERICHO ( Anastatica hierochuntica) , a plant of the natural order Cruciferae, which grows in the sandy deserts of Arabia, and on rubbish, the roofs of houses, and other situations in Syria and other parts of the East. It is a small, bushy, herbaceous plant, sel- dom more than six inches high, with small white flowers; and after it has flowered the leaves fall off, and the branches be- come incurved toward the center, so that the plant assumes an almost globular form, and in this state it is often blown about by the wind in the desert. When it happens to be blown into water the branches expand again, and the pods open and let out the seeds. Numerous super- stitions are connected with this plant, which is called Rosa Mariae or Rose of the Virgin. If taken up before it is quite withered the plant retains for years its hygrometric property of contracting in drought and expanding in moisture. ROSE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, an engineering school founded at Terre Haute, Ind., in 1874, and opened for stu- dents in 1883. It has courses in mechani- cal, electrical, civil, architectural, and chemical engineering. There were in 1920 about 240 students. The productive funds amounted to nearly $1,000,000. Acting president, John White, Ph.D. ROSES, WARS OF THE, a disastrous dynastic struggle which desolated Eng- land during the 15th century, from the first battle of St. Albans (1455) to that of Bosworth (1485). It was so-called because the two factions into which the country was divided upheld the two sev- eral claims to the throne of the Houses of York and Lancaster, whose badges were the white and the red rose respec- tively. The Lancastrian claim to the crown came through John of Gaunt, third son of Edward III., created Duke of Lan- caster in 1362, having married three years before the heiress of Henry, Duke of Lan- caster. On John of Gaunt's death King Richard II. seized his lands, whereupon his son Bolingbroke, then in exile, re- turned to assert his rights, and, finding his cause exceedingly popular, was em- boldened to claim the crown, which was granted him by the Parliament after the deposition of his cousin Richard II. After the House of Lancaster had thus pos- sessed the throne for three reigns (Henry IV., V., VI.), Richard, Duke of York, during the weakness of the last reign, began to advance, at first somewhat co- vertly, his claim to the throne. He was the son of Richard, Earl of Cambridge,
