BOUGH RIDERS 129 ROUSSEAU ROUGH RIDERS. See Roosevelt, Theodore; Spanish- American War. ROULERS, or ROUSSELAERE, a city of Belgium, situated on the Mandelbeke, in West Flanders, 17 miles S. of Bruges. It was the scene of heavy fighting be- tween the Allied forces and the Germans during the World War. Before the war it was an important industrial cen- ter, on account of its manufactories of textiles, especially linen. The population is about 25,000. ROULETTE (French, "a little wheel"), a game of chance which from the end of the 18th century till the beginning of 1838 reigned supreme over all others in Paris. It continued to be played at Ger- man watering-places till 1872, when it ceased in terms of an act passed four years before. Roulette then found a home at Monaco. It is played on a table of an oblong form, covered with green cloth, which has in its center a cavity of a little more than two feet in diameter, in the shape of a punch bowl. This cav- ity, which has several copper bands round its sides at equal distances from each other, has its sides fixed, but the bottom is movable round an axis placed in the center of the cavity, the handle by which motion is communicated being a species of cross or capstan of copper fixed on the upper extremity of the axis. Round the circumference of this movable bottom are 38 holes, painted in black and red alternately, with the first 36 numbers, and a single and double zero; and these 38 symbols are also figured at each end of the table in order that the players may place their stakes on the chance they select. Along the mar- gin of the table and at each end of it are painted six words — pair, passe, noir, impair, manque, rouge. ROUMANIA. See Rumania. ROUMELIA. See Bulgaria. ROUNDERS, a game played by two parties or sides on a piece of ground marked off into a square or circle, with stations for a batter and bowler, and , five bases or stopping-places at equal distances from each other and the bat- ter's station. The object of the batter is to strike the ball as far as possible away with a short bat held in one hand, so as to be able to make a complete circuit of the ground, passing through each goal, or as far as any one of the goals, before the ball is returned by one of the fielders. A complete circuit of the ground made at once counts a run. The batter is out if the ball, after being hit by him, is caught by one of the fielders, or if he is struck by the ball thrown by a fielder while running be- tween any of the goals. Also a rock* boring tool having a cylindrical form and indented face. ROUNDFISH, the Salmo (cor eg onus) quadr (lateralis. The specimen on which Sir John Richardson based his descrip- tion was about 18 inches long. It is not highly nrized for food. ROUNDHEAD, a term applied by the Cavaliers or adherents of Charles I., during the Civil War of 1642, to the Puritans or adherents of the Parliamen- tary party, from their wearing their hair cut short, while the Cavaliers al< lowed their hair to fall onto their shoul. ders. ROUND TABLE, KNIGHTS OF THE, See Arthur; Malory, Thomas; Morte d* Arthur. ROUND TOWERS, a class of tall nar* row circular edifices, tapering somewhat from the base upward, and generally with a conical top, from 60 to 130 feet in height, and from 20 to 30 in diam- eter. With the exception of three in Scotland, they are peculiar to Ireland. The doors are from 6 to 20 feet from the ground, the windows small. The in- terior contained no stairs, but the suc- cessive stories were reached, like the doors, by means of ladders. Authorities are now pretty well agreed that these towers were the works of a Christianized race erected as places of refuge and as watch towers. They date from the 8th or 9th to the 13th century. ROUP, one of the most serious diseases which the poultry or pheasant keeper has to fight, because in it there is gen- erally an affection other than the mere cold which develops and makes it ap- parent. > It is usually found that the system is scrofulous, which is the milder form; but sometimes it takes a diph- theritic development, and this is the most severe and deadly disease known to poultry keepers. ROUSSEAU, HARRY HARWOOD, an American naval officer, born in Troy, N. Y., in 1870. He was educated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. After some years as draftsman and engineer for private companies, he was appointed a civil engineer in the United States Navy, with the rank of Lieutenant in 1898. From 1899 to 1903 he was an engineer in the bureau of yards and docks, Washington; from 1903 to 1907 engineer of public improvements, Mare Island Navy Yard, California; and in 1907 was appointed chief of the bureau of yards and docks with the rank of rear-admiral. From 1907 to 1914 he
