RUGOSA 142 RUMANIA general in 1886; and major-general in 1895. He died June 3, 1907. RUGOSA, in zoology, a group of Prladreporaria; corallum sclerodermic with a true theca; generally both tubulae and septa combined ; septa generally some multiple of four, but with one or three prominent, or with a small channel; simple or compound corals represented in the modern seas only by two genera, one from the Mediterranean, the other from Florida. Families: Stauridse, Cyathaxo- nidse, Cyathophyllidx, and Cystiphyl- iidx. Also found in the Palaeozoic rocks, the Upper Greensand, and the Tertiary. They were reef-builders. RUHR (ror), a river of Prussia, that joins the Rhine at Ruhrort, about 15 miles N. of Diisseldorf. It rises in West- phalia, and has a tortuous course of about 200 miles, latterly through the Ruhr coal field region. RUHR DISTRICT, the principal in- dustrial and mining district of Germany, located in the Prussian province of West- falen and Rhenish Prussia. It contains the Ruhr mountains, which yield vast quantities of a superior grade of coal. The coal industry, which has been highly developed, has resulted in the establish- ment of vast industrial enterprises, espe- cially in connection with the metallur- gical and textile industries. The most important towns are Dortmund, Hoerde, Witten, Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Essen, Muelheim, Oberhausen, and Duisburg. Large quantities of coal, in normal times, are exported to Belgium, France, and Luxembourg, and through the Dortmund- Ems Canal to the North Sea ports. The district is one of the wealthiest of Cen- tral Europe. In March, 1920, after the collapse of the Kapp coup d'etat, uprisings of a serious nature occurred in the district. They were the result of the general strike which was declared by the Ebert govern- ment in order to suppress the reaction- ary movement started by Dr. Kapp and his adherents. However, after the col- lapse of this movement, the general strike, which was called off in the other parts of Germany, was continued in the Ruhr District and before long assumed dan- gerous proportions. Groups of armed workingmen led by radicals attempted to secure control of the industrial estab- lishments. The uprising, however, was not all of a purely economic nature, but to a certain extent was influenced by internal and foreign politics. Eventually the Ebert government by the use of armed forces, succeeded in suppressing the re- volt. The occupation of the Ruhr District was mentioned at various times since the signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty as a possibility in order to force Ger- many to give more prompt and strict adherence to the peace terms. The dis- trict was especially affected by the Peace Treaty and the negotiations following the latter, because of the fact that the ma- jority of the coal which Germany was forced to deliver to France came from its mines. RUIZ, JUAN (ro-eth') a Spanish poet of the 14th century, known as "Arch- priest of Hita"; born in Alcala or Guada- lajara in 1300. He is the most original of mediaeval Spanish poets, and has left a poem on love and women which is in reality a text-book for the man who wishes to become a successful lover. It is in- terspersed with songs, the best of which are the "Song of Scholars" and "Song of the Blind." He died about 1351. RULES OF THE ROAD, the official designation of regulations adopted by national or international authorities for the management of vessels in storms., fogs, or other danger. Under act of the United States Congress, in 1896, the rules al- ready established were considerably changed to comport with the schedule to be observed by vessels of all civilized nations on and after July 1, 1897. These rules apply also to inland waters, except- ing the Great Lakes, for which a special set has been devised. RUM, a spirit distilled chiefly in the West Indies from the fermented skim- mings of the sugar-boilers and molasses, together with sufficient cane-juice to im- part the necessary flavor. Its peculiar flavor is due to butyric ether. Caramel is added for coloring. RUM, a mountainous island of Argyll- shire, Scotland, belonging to the group of the Inner Hebrides, 15 miles N. by W. of Ardnamurchan Point. It is 8% miles long, 8 miles broad, and 42 square miles in area, only 300 acres being arable, and the rest deer forest and moorland. The surface presents a mass of high sharp- peaked mountains, rising in Halival and Haskeval to the height of 2,368 and 2,659 feet. In 1826 the crofters, number- ing fully 400, were, all but one family, cleared off to America, and Rum was converted into a single sheep farm; but in 1845 it was sold (as again in 1888) for a deer forest. RUMANIA, a European kingdom. The total area in 1920 was 122,282 square miles, as against 53,489 square miles prior to the World War. The territory added following the war included Bessa- rabia, Bukovina, Transylvania, Crisana, Maramuresh, and a part of Banat. Old Rumania included the principalities of
