ST. FRANCIS 189 ST. GERMAIN-DES-PRES The town has a school of mines (1816), a national small arms factory (1764), a gallery of art, an artillery and a commer- cial museum. The chief industries are in iron and steel and in ribbons. Besides these branches of industry, hats, pottery, and hem? cables are made. The coal mines began to be worked in the 14th century, but only on an extensive scale in the end of the 18th. The town was twice captured by the Huguenots, in 1563 and 1570, and between this last date and 1629 it suffered terribly on three occa- sions from the plague. The first railways in France were built from St. Etienne, one in 1828 to Andrezieu, the other in 1831 to Lyons. Pop. about 149,000. ST. FRANCIS, a river of the United States, forming part of the boundary be- tween Arkansas and Missouri, and en- tering the Mississippi. At high water it is navigable for about 150 miles; total length 450. ST. FRANCIS DE SALES. See Fran- CIS de Sales, St. ST. FRANCIS OF PAOLA. See FRAN- CESCO di Paula. ST. FRANCIS XAVIER, a Roman Catholic educational institution, formerly the College of St. Francis Xavier, but now a high school. The college depart- ment was transferred to Brooklyn Col- lege, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1913, which gives degrees under the title of the Col- lege of St. Francis Xavier, N. Y. The high school has a library of about 130,000 volumes, and has about 400 students and 17 instructors. President, Thomas Fell, Ph.D. ST. GALL, the capital of the Swiss canton of the same name; on the Stein- ach; 2,196 feet above sea-level (the high- est town in Europe), 53 miles E. of Zu- rich, and 9 from Rorschach on the Lake of Constance. The buildings of its famous Benedictine monastery are now used as government offices and schools, and for housing the monastic library, founded in 830, of 41,700 volumes and 1,800 MSS., several of these last of great antiquity and value. Other buildings are the old abbey church, thoroughly restored in 1756-1766, and made a cathedral in 1846; the Protestant Church of St. Lawrence (restored 1851-1853) ; the town library, founded in 1536; and the museum with collections of natural history, works of art, and antiquities. The city carries on a large trade in its staple commodity, em- broidered textiles (cotton, muslin, etc.), and in agricultural products. The origi- nal nucleus of the place was the cell of St. Gall (about 550-645), an Irish fol- lower of St. Columban, who settled here M— in 614. Around this soon grew up a monastery of the Benedictine order, which was promoted by Charles Martel to the dignity of an abbey. The abbey grad- ually became one of the masterpieces of mediaeval architecture; while the monks were indefatigable in the collection and transcription of MSS. — Biblical, patris- tic, historical (sacred and profane, class- ical, liturgical, and legendary). Several of the classics, especially Quintilian, Sili- us Italicus, and Ammianus Marcellinus, have been preserved solely through the MSS. of St. Gall. Its monastic schools enjoyed the greatest reputation for learn- ing from the 9th to the 12th century. In 1454 the town was admitted to the Swiss confederation, and in 1528, through the influence of the reformer Vadianus, it embraced the new doctrines. At the close, however, of the religious war, in 1531, the Catholic religion was re-established, and the abbot reinstated. At the French Rev- olution the abbey was secularized (1798), and its revenues were soon afterward sequestrated (1805). By a later arrange- ment (1836) St. Gall was erected into a bishopric. The French republicans cre- ated the canton of Santis out of the town and abbey lands, with others, in 1799; and in 1803 the existing canton of St. Gall was formed. Pop. of canton (1920) 294,- 028; of city (1920) 69,733. SAINT GATJDENS, AUGUSTUS, an American sculptor; born in Dublin, lre~ land, March 1, 1848; came to the United States in infancy; studied art at Cooper Institute, New York City, in 1861 ; at the National Academy of Design in 1865- 1866, and at Paris, where he attended the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1867. In 1871, while in Rome he produced his first fig- ure, "Hiawatha," but returned to the United States in 1873. Among his works are the bas-relief, "Adoration of the Cross by Angels," statues of Admiral D. G. Far- ragut; Robert R. Randall, and President Lincoln; the Shaw monument in Boston, and the original Diana on the Madison Square Garden, N. Y. He assisted John La Farge in the decoration of Trinity Church, Boston, and in the modeling of the statue of Le Roy King, in Newport, R. I. He designed the Medal of Award of the Columbian Exposition, and a num- ber of presentation medals authorized by Congress. He received a medal of honor at Buffalo in 1901. He died Aug. 3, 1907. ST. GENEVIEVE. See GENEVIEVE, St. ST. GEORGE. See GEORGE, St. ST. GEORGE'S CHANNEL. See George's Channel, St. ST. GERMAIN-DES-PRES, named from Germanus; was a famous Benedic- Cyc Vol 8
