SALANDRA 207 SALEM SALANDBA, ANTONIO, an Italian statesman, born in Troia, in 1853. For several years during his earlier life he was a professor of law on the faculty of the University of Rome. He began his political career by being elected to the National Chamber of Deputies from his native city. He was closely associated with Baron Sonnino, who was the bitter opponent of Giolitti. When the World ANTONIO SALANDRA War broke out, in 1914, Salandra was Premier, and he, more than any other individual, was responsible for the fact that Italy refused to join the Germanic alliance against the Entente, holding that the treaty which bound Italy to Austria- Hungary was purely for defensive pur- poses. In May, 1915, on the issue of whether the country was to remain neu- tral or join the Entente, he resigned, to test popular sentiment. So overwhelm- ing were the demonstrations for his pol- icy that the King was compelled to refuse to accept his resignation, and Italy defi- nitely adopted her pro-Entente policy, which led to her joining forces with France and England. In June, 1916, Pre- mier Salandra resigned. SALA WATTY, an island off the W. extremity of New Guinea, to the Dutch portion of which it is regarded as belong- ing; area about 750 square miles. Pop. about 5,000. SALDANHA BAY, a bay of the At- lantic, on the W. coast of Cape Colony k South Africa, 80 miles N. of Cape Town. It forms a fine natural harbor, with ex- cellent shelter and anchorage at all sea- sons, but is at present little frequented on account of scarcity of water and fuel. SALE, in law, that transaction by which the ownership of property is trans- ferred from one person to another in consideration of a money payment made by the buyer to the seller. If it be a commutation of goods for goods, it is more properly an exchange. In order to the validity of a sale, it is necessary that the parties act in good faith; for it is a maxim in law that fraud vitiates all contracts. Neither is a sale valid if the subject-matter of it is illegal or pro- hibited, or if an essential part of it involves an illegal act. In order to con- stitute a sale, the consent of each of the parties is required; and hence each must be legally qualified to consent. SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY, a British military officer; born in 1782. He entered the army at a very early age, and his brilliant military career supplies some stirring pages in the history of the Brit- ish Indian empire of the first half of the 19th century. In India, Burma, Afghan- istan, wherever he was employed, he dis- tinguished himself, especially in Afghan- istan, where he forced Dost Mohammed Khan to surrender, and inflicted a crush- ing defeat on Akbar Khan at Jalalabad (1842), subsequently assisting in the re- capture of Kabul. He died in 1845. SALEM, a city, port of entry, and one of the county-seats of Essex co., Mass.; on Massachusetts Bay and on the Boston and Maine railroad; 17 miles N. E. of Boston. It contains a State Normal School for Girls, court house, a reforma- tory, custom house, an orphan asylum, hospital, almshouse, the Peabody Acad- emy of Science, the Essex Institute (in which are a large library and collection of relics and portraits) ; the East Indian Marine Society, the Salem Atheneum, Plummer Hall, the Essex Southern Dis- trict Medical Society, the Essex Agricul- tural Society, the Marine Society, water- works, electric lights, several National and savings banks, and the first street electric railroad laid in the United States. It has manufactories of glue, furniture, trunks, shoes, jewelry, chemicals, railroad cars, castings, white lead, lead pipe, jute, cordage, leather machinery, leather, and cotton goods. On Jan. 25, 1914, the city was partially burned by a great fire which destroyed over one-third of its most closely built portion, left 15,000 homeless, and caused a loss of $15,000,000.
