SAN ANTONIO 226 SAND lighthouse at the altitude of 140 feet above the sea. (4) The N. E. rocky peak, or pointed headland, in the island of Koonasheer, one of the Kooril group. (5) The W. point of Cuba. SAN ANTONIO, a river in Texas, formed by the union of Leon creek and Medina river, in Bexar co. Its course is east and through Wilson, Karnes, and Goliad counties. It flows into the Espiritu Santo Bay, an indenture of the Gulf of Mexico, and is nearly 200 miles long. SANATORIUM, a place to which peo- ple resort for the improvement of their health. SANBENITO, a coat of sackcloth worn by penitents on their reconciliation to the church. Also a loose cloak or up- per garment worn by persons condemned to death by the Inquisition on their way to the auto da fe. They were painted over with flames, figures of devils, the person's own portrait, etc.; or in the case of those who expressed repentance for their errors, with flames directed down- ward. Those worn by Jews, renegades, and sorcerers bore a St. Andrew's cross in red on back and front. SAN BERNARDINO, a mountain peak in California; the highest point of the Coast Range; elevation 11,600 feet. SAN BERNARDINO, a city and coun- ty-seat of San Bernardino co., Cal.; on the Southern Pacific, the Salt Lake Route, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe and the Pacific Electric railroads; 60 miles E. of Los Angeles. It is the center of the great San Bernardino basin and is surrounded by a rich mining, agricul- tural, and fruit-growing region. Within view of the city is Mount San Bernardino, the highest peak of the Coast Range. Here are a court house, public library, Y. M. C. A. building, the Hall of Records, a high school, churches and hotels, sev- eral National and State banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. Pop. (1910) 12,779; (1920) 18,721. SANBORN, FRANKLIN BENJA- MIN, an American journalist; born in Hampton Falls, N. H., Dec. 15, 1831 ; was graduated at Harvard University in 1855 and early turned his attention to jour- nalism. He was editor of the Boston "Commonwealth," the Springfield "Re- publican" and the "Journal of Social Science" in 1867-1897; published 20 State reports on charities, labor, etc.; lectured extensively at Cornell, Smith, and Wel- lesley Colleges, and at the^ Concord School of Philosophy; and was intimately asso- ciated with various State and private charitable organizations. His publica- tions include biographies of Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, John Brown and Dr. Earle, and numerous social and philo- sophical papers and lectures. He died in 1917. SAN CARLOS, a town in the Philip- pine Islands, province of Pangasinan, on the Island of Luzon. It is situated on the Agno River, about 10 miles southeast of the Lingayen Gulf, near the Daugau- pan-Manila railway. Pop. about 28,000. SAN CRISTOBAL, (1) Capital of the State of Chiapas, Mexico; has a hand- some capitol, a cathedral, and a secondary school. (2) A town of Venezuela, in the State of Los Andes, with streets straight, but much cut up by small ravines; an important trade (especially in coffee), mainly in the hands of Germans and Danes; deposits of coal beside the town, and nearby copper mines and petroleum wells. SANCTIFICATION, a term applied in Scripture, as well as in theology, to de- note the process by which the effaced image of God in man is restored, and the sinner becomes a saint. It is based on the holiness of God, who communicates His purity to His people by means of the Holy Spirit. Sanctification is distin- guished from justification in this, that while justification changes the state of the sinner in law before God as a judge, sanctification changes the heart before Him as a father. Justification precedes sanctification ; the one removing the guilt, the other the power of sin. The former is an act done at once, the latter is a gradual process. SANCTUARY, among the ancient Jews the innermost chamber of the taber- nacle — afterward of the temple, in which was kept the ark of the Covenant, and was never entered, except by the high priest once a year. It was also called the Holy of Holies, Sanctum Sanctorum. In the Christian Church, the bema, or inner portion of the church, immedi- ately round the altar, was called the sanctuary. From the sacred character of the churches, and from the rising power of the clergy, they came to be resorted to as asylums by fugitives from the hands of justice, and afterward cer- tain churches were set apart specially for that purpose, and were termed "sanctu- aries." The abuses to which this system gave rise, as tending entirely to defeat the ends of justice, led to its abolition in all the Christian countries. SAND, comminuted fragments of ig- neous, metamorphic, or volcanic rocks, or of chert, flint, etc. They are detached from the parent rock, and as bowlders
