SAND MARTIN 230 SANDTJSKY lays 12 to 14 eggs in the sand, covers them, and leaves them to be hatched by solar heat. Common in northern and central Europe. SAND MARTIN, in ornithology, the Hirundo riparia, called also the bank mar- tin and bank swallow; length about six inches; upper parts and a broad band across the breast grayish brown, lower parts brownish white. It makes its nest in the steep banks of rivers, sand pits, quarries, and sea banks, and deposits four or five white eggs. It breeds in N. lati- tudes, but goes S. in autumn, returning again in spring. SAND MOLE, in zoology, the Ba- thyergus maritimus, a rodent from the Cape of Good Hope. It is about the size of a wild rabbit, with light grayish-brown fur, rather variable in tint in different individuals. The eyes are very small; external ears wanting; tail short. SANDPAPER, an abrading agent made by coating paper or thin cotton cloth with glue and dusting fine sand over it with a sieve. Sandpaper is intermediate between glass paper and emery paper in its action on metals, but is less energetic than glass paper in its action on wood. SANDPIPER, in ornithology, a popu- lar name for several wading birds. Yar- rell enumerates the following: The buff SANDPIPER breasted sandpiper (Tringa rufescens), Bartram's sandpiper (Bartramia longi- cuuda, formerly Totanus bartramii) , the common sandpiper or summer snipe (To- tanus hypoleucus) , the spotted sandpiper (Totanus macularis), the green sand- . piper (Totanus ochropus) , and the wood sandpiper (Totanus glareola). In ich- thyology, the Petromyzon branchialis, the larva of which has been long known under the name of Ammoccetes. SAND PIPE, or SAND GALL, in geol- ogy (plural), deep cylindrical hollows in a vertical direction found in England, France, and elsewhere, penetrating the white chalk and filled with sand and gravel. One seen by Sir Charles Lyell at Norwich in 1839 was 12 feet in diame- ter, and more than 60 feet deep. Mr. Trimmer attributed them to the action of the sea on a beach or shoal; Lyell to the chemical action of water charged with carbonic acid, derived from the vegetable soil and the roots of trees, on the chalk below. SANDRINGHAM, a Norfolk estate, 3 miles from the sea and 7% miles N. N. E. of Lynn, England, comprising over 7,000 acres; was purchased in 1862 by the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII. The then existing mansion was demolished, and the present hall built in 1869-1871, a red-brick Elizabethan country house, standing in a pleasant park of 200 acres ; special features are the iron "Norwich gates," the dairy, and the splendid cot- tages. A fire on Nov. 1, 1891, did damage to the amount of over $50,000. The Germans made an aerial attack on the place in 1915. SANDSTONE, any stone which is an agglutination of grains of sand, whether calcareous, siliceous, or of any other mineral nature. Siliceous sandstones are the most common. They vary in compact- ness from scarcely cemented sand to a hardness approaching that of quartz rock. When very fine in grain, they are called freestones; when coarse and composed of angular or subangular grains of sand, they become grits; when pebbly, pudding stones. Sandstones occur in nearly every geological formation from the Cambrian to the Tertiary. Many furnish building and paving stones. SANDUSKY, a city and county-seat of Erie co., Ohio; at the mouth of the San- dusky river, on Sandusky Bay, an arm of Lake Erie, and on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Baltimore and Ohio, and other railroads; 56 miles W. of Cleveland. It contains a high school build- ing, court house, the State fish hatchery, a public library, waterworks, street rail- roads, electric lights, National and other banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. It has a large export trade in fresh and salted fish, lumber, limestone, coal, iron ore, apples, grapes, and wine. The city is one of the largest fresh fish markets
