SMITH COLLEGE 466 SMOKE NUISANCE tion of "Brewster's Millions"; "The For- tune Hunter"; "The Boomerang" (with Victor Mapes) ; "Lightnin' " (with Frank Bacon) ; etc. SMITH COLLEGE, an educational non-sectarian institution for women in Northampton, Mass.; founded in 1875; reported at the close of 1919: Professors r.nd instructors, 123; students, 2,103; president, W. A. Neilson, LL.D. SMITH-DORRIEN, SIR HORACE LOCKWOOD, a British general, born in 1858. He was educated at Harrow and entered the Sherwood Foresters (Derby regiment) in 1876. He served in the Zulu War in 1879, the Egyptian War in 1882, the Soudan campaign in 1885, in the Tirah campaign in India in 1897-8, and in the South African War in 1900 was major-general commanding a bri- gade and a division. He was also active in the World War in 1914-15, after hav- ing held the Southern Command in Eng- land during the two previous years. In 1914-15 he commanded the 2nd Army Corps and then the 2nd army in the Brit- ish Expeditionary Force. In 1915-16 he commanded the British forces fighting the Germans in East Africa. SMITH'S ISLAND, a small island of North Carolina, off the coast of New Hanover co., and at the mouth of Cape Fear river; 20 miles S. of Wilmington. Its most S. point is Cape Fear. It has a lighthouse. SMITHSON, JAMES, an English phi- lanthropist; natural son of Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland; born in England about 1765; was graduated at Oxford in 1786, and elected a member of the Royal Society in 1787. His first paper presented to the society in 1791 was "An Account of Some Chemical Experiments on Tabasheer," and was followed from time to time by others treating of the chemical analysis of minerals, etc. In 1835 his property, amounting to $508,318, came into the possession of the United States Government, having been be- queathed by him "for the purpose of founding an institution at Washington, D. C, to be called the Smithsonian Insti- tution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." He died in Ge- noa, Italy, June 27, 1829. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, a literary, scientific, and philosophical in- stitution, organized at Washington, D. C, by Act of Congress in 1846, pursuant to the will of James Smithson.^ The man- agement of the institution is in the hands of regents appointed by the United States Government, and a spacious structure, containing a museum, library, cabinets of natural history, and lecture rooms, has been the result of their able administra- tion of the testator's wishes. The library, carefully collected, is unsurpassed in the United States as a resource for scientific reference, while in its museum are col- lected the rich acquisitions of national exploring expeditions. Some part of its income is devoted to scientific researches, and the production of works too costly for publication by private individuals. De- partments of astronomy, ethnology, me- teorology, and terrestrial magnetism, have been established. The United States Weather Bureau has grown out of its department of meteorology, and the United States Fish Commission was es- tablished in connection with its work in ichthyology. Under its direction are the United States National Museum; the Bu- reau of International Exchanges; the Bureau of American Ethnology; the Astro-Physical Observatory; the National Zoological Park, Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory, Research Laboratory, Inter- national Catalogue and American History Archives. Among the publications hith- erto issued are the "Smithsonian Contri- butions to Knowledge," 4to, distributed gratis to libraries; "Annual Reports"; "Miscellaneous Collections"; "Reports of the National Museum" (1884-1892) ; "Bulletins of the National Museum"; "Proceedings of the National Museum"; "Annual Reports of the Bureau of Eth- nology"; and "Harriman Alaska Series." The periodical courses of lectures held in the institution by eminent scientists and savants form a prominent social feature of the national capital. The institution has had four secretaries: Joseph Henry (1846-1878) ; Spencer Fullerton Baird (1878-1887); Samuel Pierpont Langley (1887-1906) ; and Charles D. Walcott (1906 ). SMITH SOUND, a passage of water leading to the Arctic regions, at the N. extremity of Baffin Bay, between Prud- hoe, in Greenland, and Ellesmere Land. Its S. entrance was discovered by Baffin in 1616. In 1854 it was surveyed by a United States expedition under Dr. Elisha Kent Kane. A gulf 110 miles long was found at its N. E. end. SMOKELESS POWDER. See Gun- powder: Explosives. SMOKE NUISANCE. Smoke is caused by the incomplete combustion of fuel. It consists of finely divided particles, either of carbon or of hydrocarbonsj the latter being, as a rule, liquid and oily. Under ideal conditions, there will be sufficient oxygen present to burn the carbon com- pletely to oxides of carbon and also to decompose the hydrocarbons. It follows that with the right conditions of draught and temperature, no smoke will be pro-
