WINGATE 389 WINNIPEG skeleton are the muscles moving the limb. Externally the skin is provided with feathers, and the whole fore limbs of the bird thus form the wings; while the bones of the shoulder girdle are modified to form a special support for the organ of flight. In the bat the wing consists of an expansion of the skin or integument, supported on four of the fingers, which are extremely long. This membrane, or patagium, extends from the fore limbs to the hind limbs, and in many cases be- tween the hind limbs and tail as well. In such mammalia as the flying foxes, flying squirrels, flying phalangers, and in the lizards known as flying dragons, the wing is a mere expansion of skin, extend- ing along the side of the body, often con- necting hind and fore limbs, and serving as a parachute to sustain the animals in their flying leaps from tree to tree, but in no sense serving as an organ of true flight. In insects the wing is formed of two delicate skin layers, supported on hollow tubes or nervures, placed in com- munication with the respiratory or breathing system. The wings of insects become thus related to respiration, and by their movements probably aid in the diffusion of air through the breathing tubes. WINGATE, SIR (FRANCIS) REG- INALD, a British general, born at Broadfield, Renfrewshire, in 1861. He was educated at St. James' Collegiate School, Jersey, and of Woolwich. He became a lieutenant in 1880, served in In- dia and Aden 1881-1883, joined the Egyp- tian army and acted as military secre- tary to Sir Evelyn Wood during the Nile Expedition. He became colonel in 1899 and major-general in 1903. He was Sir- dar of the Egyptian army and Governor- General of the Sudan, 1899 to 1916. He organized numerous expeditions against the Egyptians who sought the overthrow of the British power in their country, and partook in the reconquest of the province of Darfur in 1916. He acted as High Commissioner in Egypt in 1917. He wrote: "Mahdism and the Egyptian Sudan"; "Ten Years' Captivity in the Mahdi's Camp"; 'and translated Slatin Pasha's "Fire and Sword in the Sudan." WINNEBAGO, a lake in Wisconsin; in the basin of the Fox river. It is 26 miles long and 10 broad, and has an ai'ea of 212 square miles. Both the river and the lake are navigated by steamboats, and afford good fishing. WINNIPEG, a city and capital of the Province of Manitoba, Canada; at the confluence of the Assiniboine and Red rivers, and on the Canadian Pacific and other railroads; 40 miles S. of Lake Winnipeg, and 1,424 miles by rail W. of Montreal. The city covers an area of about 23 square miles. Business Interests. — Winnipeg to a large degree is the shipping point for the whole extent of Canadian territory between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains. It contains lumber mills, wire plants, foundries, and rolling mills, flour mills, packing establishments, box, carriage and boiler factories, large rail- way machine and engine shops, etc. The capital invested in its industrial establishments exceeds $75,000,000, and value of goods produced $100,000,000. The bank clearings in 1919 were over $2,300,000,000. There are also many daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. Public Interests. — The streets are laid out on the rectangular plan, and there are 31 public parks. The streets are lighted by gas and electricity; water is supplied from the Assiniboine river and numerous artesian wells; and there is an electric street car service. Here are the lieutenant-governor's residence, the legis- lative buildings, armory, court house, an Anglican cathedral, other churches rep- resenting the principal denominations, etc. Besides being the judicial and politi- cal metropolis of the Northwest, Winni- peg is also its educational center. It con- tains the St. John's Ladies' School, St. Mary's Academy, and the University of Manitoba, which comprises St. John's Col- lege (Anglican), the College of St. Boni- face (R. C), the Methodist College, the Presbyterian College, and Manitoba Med- ical College. Here also the Provincial Board of Education holds its sessions. The charitable institutions include the Deaf and Dumb Institute of the Provin- cial government, St. Boniface Hospital, and Winnipeg General Hospital. History. — Winnipeg was a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company prior to 1870, and had a population of about 300. When Manitoba was opened up in 1870 and Winnipeg made its capital people from all parts of Canada were drawn hither. It v/as incorporated by the Provincial Legislature in 1873, and later its growth received a great im- petus by the completion of the Canadian Pacific railroad. Pop. about 200,000. WINNIPEG, a lake of Canada, in the Province of Manitoba; length, about 250 miles; breadth, from 5 to 70 miles. It receives the surplus waters of Lakes Winnipegoos and Manitoba, besides the Winnipeg river, but its chief tribu- taries are the Saskatchewan and Red rivers. Its surplus water is discharged by the Nelson river into Hudson Bay. The river of the same name, which flows into Lake Winnipeg, rises in the Lake of the Woods, and has a length of about
