It was found that in every sample of terrestrial soil used there were a few varieties of micro-organisms which easily survived on “Mars.” When the local abundance of water was increased, terrestrial micro-organisms were able to grow. Indigenous Martian organisms may be even more efficient in coping with the apparent rigors of their environment. These findings underscore the necessity for sterilizing Mars entry vehicles so as not to perform accidental biological contamination of that planet and obscure the subsequent search for extraterrestrial life.
Direct Searches for Life on Mars
The early evidence for life on Mars—namely, reports of vivid green coloration and the so-called “canals”—are now known to be largely illusory. There are three major areas of contemporary investigation: visual, polarimetric, and spectrographic.
As the Martian polar ice cap recedes each spring, a wave of darkening propagates through the Martian dark areas, sharpening their outlines and increasing their contrast with the surrounding deserts (fig. 2). These changes occur during periods of relatively high humidity and relatively high daytime temperatures. A related dark collar, not due to simple dampening of the soil, follows the edge of the polar cap in its regression. Occasional nonseasonal changes in the form of the Martian dark regions have been observed and sometimes cover vast areas of surface.
Observations of the polarization of sunlight reflected from the Martian dark areas indicate that the small particles covering the dark areas change their size distribution in the spring, while the particles covering the bright areas do not show any analogous changes.
Finally, infrared spectroscopic observations of the Martian dark areas show three spectral features which, to date, seem to be interpretable only in terms of organic matter, the particular molecules giving rise to the absorptions being hydrocarbons and aldehydes.
Taken together, these observations suggest, but do not conclusively prove, that the Martian dark areas are covered with small organisms composed of familiar types of organic matter, which change their size and darkness in response to the moisture and heat of the Martian spring. We have no evidence either for or against the existence of more advanced life forms. There is much more information which can be garnered from the ground, balloons, Earth satellites, Mars flybys, and Mars orbiters, but the critical tests for life on Mars can only be made from landing vehicles equipped with experimental packages such as those discussed on the following pages.
