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TITLE V. THE JUDICIAL ORDER.
CXXXVIII. The judicial order is constitutionally independent.
CXXXIX. By the independence of the judge, is to be understood the liberty that he has of giving his opinion with all freedom, without being influenced by the supreme authority, by the ministerial authority, or by any other consideration whatsoever. Every other definition or interpretation of the independence of a judge is declared to be an abuse.
CXL. The tribunals are composed of judges appointed by the King, and of judges chosen conformably to the administrative statute.
CXLI. The judges nominated by the King are for life, and cannot be removed. The judges who hold their seats by election are also incapable of being removed during the term for which they were elected.
CXLII. No judge can be degraded from his office but by the sentence of a competent judiciary court in case of ascertained collusion, or other misdemeanor.
CXLIII. The superintendence of the magistrates when named and chosen, and the redress of grievances inflicted by them in the severity of public service, belongs to the supreme tribunal.
