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the papilionaceous kind. The piir.il arifes from the cup, and finally becomes a pod, containing in fome fpecies round- iih, and in others flatted feeds. The leaves of the lupine are alfb of a fan-like fhape, or grow in the fhape of fingers, all from the extremity of the ftalks.
The fpecies of lupine enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe. i. The common white garden lupine. 2. The great hairy blue flowered lupine. 3. The broad leaved hairy purple flowered lupine, called the wild lupine by old authors.
4. The broad leaved and hairy wild lupine with white flow- ers, in all things greatly refembling the cultivated kind.
5. The white flowered hairy, low, broad leaved lupine.
6. The American trifoliate tree lupine with wj^ite flowers, and variegated fruit. 7. The broad leaved dufky flowered Portugal lupine. 8. The great lupine with flefh coloured flowers. 9. The purple flowered wild lupine, with large, round, variegated feeds. . 10. The purple flowered wild lup'me, with fmaller, round, variegated feeds, n. The reddifh flowered wild lupine. 12. The wild lupine with rofe coloured flowers. 13. The tall narrow leaved blue flow- ered lupine. 14. The little blue flowered lupine. 15. The little perennial creeping, blue flowered Virginian lupine. 16. The little Indian lupine, and 17, The wild, yellow flowered lupine. To urn. Inft. p. 392.
There are feveral fpecies of this plant propagated in gardens, .where they make a very agreeable appearance. But the kind moil frequent with us is the letter purple or blue flow- ered kind. This is propagated by fowing the feeds in a common flower border, where they require no care, but will come up and thrive of themfelvcs, they fliould be fown in April, in May, and in June, that there may be a fuccef- fion of them in flower for a confiderable time. They fhould always be fown where they are to remain, for it gives lefs trouble, and they are plants which but very badly bear tranfplanting. Miller's Gardners Diet.
LUPULUS, hop, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the apetalous kind, being compofed only of a number of {lamina placed in a cup. Thefe flowers are barren, and the embryo fruits are found on other fpecies of hops, on which there are no flowers. Thefe finally become a fquammofe fruit, com- pofed of many leaves affixed to an axis, and containing many feeds, covered with a hand.
The fpecies of hop, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The common male hop. 2. The common fe- male bop. To urn. Inft. p. 535.
The flowers of the bop, befide their ufe in brewing, are recommended as of great ufe in medicine, in the intention of anodynes and difcutients. They are given in powder in difeafes of the liver and fpleen, in the jaundice, and in ob- itructions of the menfes, they alfo powerfully promote urine ; and ufed externally in the way of a cataplafm, they are of fervice in tumors and contufions. Sir other, Pharm. It is generally faid, that the lupulus, or hop, was, the bryon of the antient Greeks. Thefe authors have indeed de- fcribed the bryon, f3>vov, to be a climbing plant, with long branches, twilling itfelf round every thing that comes in its way, and growing up to a great height ; but this is all they have faid that gives the leaft countenance to the opinion of their meaning the lupulus or hop by it, and this may as well agree with any other of the climbing plants as the bop. All that gave birth to this error, was, the writing In abbre- viation, the word bryon being only a compendious way of writing bryonia, and it is very certain that the white bryony , is the only plant ever meant by this word : the later Greek writers have indeed omitted the abbreviation, and have con- flantly written bryonia at length, which our tranflators from the Greek render lupulus. See Bryon and Hops.
LUPUS, the wolf, in zoology (Cycl.)— This is a heart of prey, but wholly of the dog kind, and the Iargeft and fierceft of that race of animals. It is extremely like the domeftic do<* in fhape, and if the head did not differ a little in figure^ one would be apt to declare it the very fame animal. It has a very fierce look about the face, its eyes are glaring and favage, and its teeth, and the opening of its mouth fierce and frightful. The antients had an opinion, that the neck of the wolf was all of one folid bone ; but, on the contrary, this creature is able to turn and twift about better than the dog kind. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 171. The wolf, as well as all the other beafts of prey, can endure hunger a long time, though very voracious when it meets with food. The wolf differs from the dog in his note, for in- flead of the barking of the dog this creature only howls ; his ears which ftand erect, and his bufhy tail make him alfo greatly refemble the fox.
Lupus, in botany, a name faid to be given by Pliny to the common hops : this is, however, an error, for tho' the word ftands in moft of the copies of that author lupus, the true meaning is doubtlcfs lupulus, the hop. Pliny has coupled it with a word that expreflcs its climbing upon willows, calling it lupus _ faliclarius. We find in all the old writer: the upulus, which is the proper name of the hop before the initial, /, was added, joined with the word falicla- Svppl. Vol. I. ,
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jvm, but no where mention of lupus faliclarius, unlefs in Pliny.
Lupus, in ornithology, a name given by fome authors to the monedula or jackdaw, from his voracious appetite and habit of Healing. Aldrtmtmi. de Avibus.
Lupus, in the hiftory of infefls, the name of a/>- called alfo in Englifh the wolf fly. It has this name from its ravenous and devouring difpofition. It feeds on flies, or whatever other infefls come in its way, and is eafily known by being of a very large fizc, and having long and ftrong legs, and an oblong and confiderable thick black body.
Lupus is alfo the name given by authors to a peculiar clafs of fpiders, from the manner of their taking their prey, which is by open hunting and running down, and not by means ot webs as the common fpiders do theirs. Thefe are diftinguifhed into two kinds, the one properly the lupVs, or wolf fpider, the other the crab fpider. All the fpiders of the lupus kind have four large eyes and four fmall ones. Their hinder pair of legs are longer than any of the others ; and they ufually live upon the ground, fcldom climbing into trees. Of the firft kind, or the hip}, properly fo called, there are four principal fpecies. r. The black fpider. This is of a middle fize, the male and female are both black, the head is fmall, and the legs are beauti- fully fpotted. 2. The brown fpider with oblique ftreaks upon the body. This is of a middle fize, and has a black head. 3. The plain yellowifh fpider, with a long fhaped pointed body. This is a very large fpider, and its legs are long and robuft ; it lives among bufhes. 4. The livid fpider with a long pointed body undulated with white. This is a very large fpecies; and lives among trees and under hedges. Ray's Hift. Inf. p. 36.
Of the cancriform, or crab fpiders, which are lefs properly called lupi, there are two principal kinds. The diftinguifh- mg charafler of the crab fpiders, is, their having the hinder pair of legs the fhortcft of all, or at the utmoft, not ex- ceeding the third pair in length. The fpecies are thefe. I. The flow moving crab fpider, with a blue body and very fmall purple eyes. This is of a middling fize, and when in motion, has much of the appearance of a fmall crab. The fmall nimble crab fpider, of a yellowifh colour, but with a brown tip of the body. This is a very fmall fpider, and is of a brown colour; when viewed in the fnade, but »ilded when turned to the fun.
Lupus aureus, the gold coloured wolf, in zoology, the name by which Latin authors call the creature known in Englifh by the name of the jackall.
Lupus drvarius, in zoology, a name by which many au- thors have called the lynx, from its feeding on deer. See the article Lynx. See Jackali..
Lupus marinus, the fia wolf, a voracious fea fur), caught fometimes in our feas, but more frequently in the Mediter- ranean, and very fierce and voracious. Its head is larger in proportion to its fize, than that of the fliark, and rounder. This, as alfo the back, fides, and fins, are all of a blueifH colour. The belly is white, the fkin is fmooth and foft, but his teeth fo remarkably hard and ftrong, that if he bites againft an anchor of a fhip, or other iron fubftance, they make a loud nolle, and leave their marks in the iron. In the rim of his under jaw he has ten (harp and round teeth difpofed in two rows, and twelve grinders on each fide be- hind thefe, difpofed in the fame manner in two rows. The upper jaw has twelve fharp and round teeth before, and there are three orders or rows of grinders in his palate ; the mid- dle one confifling of twelve teeth, as the others, but having them larger than the human teeth, and running farther to- ward the jaw j and in the upper jaw he has two rough and fliarp bones ; to which a rough part near the root of the tongue anfwers; and this like thofe is befet with fharp teeth. Willughby's Hift. Pifci p. 130.
It has two fins like wings, fituated juft under the oills j each of two hands breadth long, and one long fin running from the head to the tail of four or five fingers broad, and another reaching from the anus to the tail.
LURE (Cycl.) — There are three things to be confidered be- fore the lure be fhewn to a hawk newly reclaimed ; the firft is, that file be bold and familiar in company, and not afraid of dogs or horfes ; the fecond is, that fhe be very fharp fet and hungry, having regard to the hour of the morning and evening when fhe is to be lured; and thirdly, fhe muft be clean within, and the lure muft be well garnifhed on all fides with meat, and when it is intended to give her the length of a leafh, the falconer muft abfecud himfelf: fhe muft alfo be unhooded, and a "bit or two given her on the lure as file fits on the fift : after this the lure is to betaken from her and hid, then thrown upon the ground fo near her that fhe may catch it within the length other leafh, and as foon as i\(t has feized it, the falconer is then to ufe his voice, and then to feed her on the ground with the warm thigh of a pullet.
After this, by degrees, another perfon is to hold the hawk
while the falconer holds the lure, and fhe is to be taught
to come to it for food. This is to be done at greater and
1 5 X greats;
