ART
ART
medininus, and confequently equal to fix Roman modii, held 160 pounds of water, or wine, and 120 of wheat. Id- Ibid.
ART A DA, orARTADAR, is ufed by fome writers for realgar burnt, or calcined ; commended by Paracelfus in malignant ulcers, and by Foreftiis for the cure of the Polypus. Brun. Lex. Med. p. 125. SeeREALGAR, CycL
ARTANITA of the Antients. See Leontapetalon.
ARTEMISIA, ApVn»«, in antiquity, yearly feftivals obferved in divers cities of Greece, particularly Delphi, in honour of Diana, firnamed Artemis. Pott. Archaeol. 1. 2. c.20. In the Artemifia, a mullet was facrificed to this goddefs, as being thought to bear fome refemblance to her, in regard it is faid to hunt and kill the fea-hare. Athen. 1. 7.
Artemisia, in the botanical pharmacy, a medicinal herb of great efficacy as an uterine, and promoter of the menfes. Gerr. Blanc. Lemer. Burgr. in voc.
Artemljia is the fame with what is popularly called ?nugzvort ; among botanifts it is alfo known under the denomination of Artemifia vulgaris major, Artemifia rubra, and Artemifia eff.cl tiarum. Lemer. p. 82.
It is much ufed in female complaints, both internally and ex- ternally : it is held an opener and difcutient, a cleanfer of the uterus, promoter of the menfes, and of delivery. But it is more eftccmed among midwives and nurfes than amoni_ phyficians. Its chief ufe in the (hops is in a compound fyrup which takes its name from it. Junck. Confp. Therap. Tab, 10. p. 312. ghiinc. Difpenf. P. 2. n. 58. The Chinefe Moxa is the produce of a fort of mugwort called Artemifia Ch'tnenfts. See Mugwort.
ARTEMONITES, Arthnonites, in church hiftory, heretics in the third century who denied the divinity of Chrift, averting him to have only had a human nature, tho' divinely fent, and more excellent than the prophets. PrateoL Elench, Hasrit. I. 1. 11. 70.
The Artemonitcs abfolutely denied that Chrift is any where in fcripture called God. Whence a late writer % who calls him- fclf an Artemonian, endeavours to prove that they muft have read the beginning of St. John's gofpel differently from the prefent reading ; and that inftead of and the word was God. they read and the word was of God ; not, ^ ©£©• v Twy©-, but, ©;» w o?w>^ b .— [ a Init. Evang. S. Joann. ex. Antiq. Ecclef. Reftit. c. 28. b John, c. 1. v. 1.] The Artemonites are the fame with what in other writers are called Theodotiani, Pauliani, Samofateani, and Photiniani ; and coincide nearly with the modern Socinians. Ittig. Hift. Photin. §. 8.
ARTENNA, in zoology, the name of a water-bird, of the fize of a hen, of a brownifh colour on the back, and white on the belly ; having a hooked bill, and its three fore toes connected by a membrane, but the hinder one loofe. It is found on the ifland Tremiti in the Adriatic fea, and is fuppofed to be the avis Diomcdls of the antients. Ray, Or- nitholog. p. 251. See Diomedis Avis,
ARTERIA Venofa, A$*,pu <p\£uhs, a name given by the an- tients to what we call the pulmonary vein, or that veflel whereby the blood is conveyed from the lungs to the left ven- tricle of the heart.
The denomination was anticfitly given it, on a fuppofition of its being an air veflel, and that it ferved for the conveyance of the vital aura from the lungs to the heart* Gorr, Def. Med. p. 54. b.
ARTERIACS, Arteriaca, medicines proper for diforders of the trachea, and the voice.
Arteriacs are reduced by Galen to three kinds. 1. Such as are void of all acrimony, ferving to mollifv the afperities of the part ; to which kind belong, gum tragacanth, after fa- miuSj amylum or ftarch, milk, &c. a. Thofe of an acri- monious quality, whereby they ftimulate even the found parts ; fuch are honey, turpentines, bitter almonds, iris root, &c. 3. Thofe of an intermediate kind, foft and mild, yet deter- gent ; fuch are butter, and divers tappings made of almonds, milk, honey, &c. Gorr. Def. Med, p. 54. feq.
ARTERIOSUS Canalis. See Canalis Artcricfus.
ARTERIOTOMY (CycL)— This operation is not performed fo often among us as it was among the more antient furgeons, for fear of an aneurifm, or too profufe hemorrhage, yet if it be well adapted to the patient's Diforder, and carefully per- formed, it may often prove of the grcateft fervice, and will not be attended with any ill confequences. This operation is now feldom performed on any but the tem- poral arteries, which may be opened very edily by the lancet as they lie clofe under the fktn, and lying clofe upon die os front is, they may be readily comprefled againft it, and there is no dan- ger of a profufe haemorrhage, or aneurifm ; but even in this moft convenient part, it muft be acknowledged that the open- ing an artery is much more difficult than the opening a vein, as the vcffel feldom appears plainly thro' the fkin, and there is no guide but its vibration under the finger. In the operation of Arteriotomy, the patient muft be placed in a good light, and the furgeon muft place two ringers of his left-hand, at a fmall diftance from each other both on the artery. He muft then obferve the courfe of the veflel, and cut down into it deeper than in phlebotomy, and raife the point of the lancet, fo as to make a fufficient orifice : in this 3
he need not fear the cutting of the vcftel quite thro*, for even that is attended with no ill confequences after deligation. If now the blood follows the lancet in a very florid and fa- Hent ftream, you may be fatisfied the artery is well opened ; if this is not the cafe it muft be cut again, but as in this ope- ration, the fine point of a lancet is liable to be broke againft the bone ; the ufe of a fmall fcalpel is preferable. A pound or a pound and half of blood fhould be taken by this opera- tion ; when the fufficient quantity of blood is taken, the de- ligation muft be made with three comprefles, each larger than the other, laying on the fmalleft firft, in which muft be in- cluded a farthing, a bit of lead, or of chewed paper to comprefs the artery againft the bone, and the head muft continue tied up with a proper bandage eight days. Hcijierh Surgery, p. 354.
ARTERY {Cycl.)— Mr. Weitbrecht concludes, from the fmall quantity of blood thrown out of the heart into the Arteries, and the great refiftance in the capillary Arteries, that all or much the larger fhare of what is fent out of the heart, is retained in the Arteries during the fyftole of the heart, and is fent forward into the veins, by the contraction of the Ar- teries, butfo, that the veins can have no pulfation, becaufefo much as is received from the veins is thrown into the heart at the fame time. The fmallnefs of the quantity of blood thrown out of the heart makes him think, that the puliation of the Arteries cannot be fo much owing to their diftention, as to their change of place ; and he fays he perceived, upon trial,' that all the Arteries of the body are not dilated or con- tracted at the fame time.
The auricles alfo, according to him, ferve to give ah impe- tus to the blood in the ventricles of the heart j for the blood moves fo flow in the veins, that its momentum would not be fufficient to diftend, and to give a fpring great enough to the ventricles. The pulmonary blood acquiring confiderable velocity by the motion of the lungs, requires a much lefs auricle from the blood of the vena cava. See Comment. Acad. Petrop. Tom. 6, & 7.
Artery wounded. When an Artery is wounded and not en- tirely divided, if it be a large one, the wounded fibres in- ftantly contract themfelves ; by this means they dilate the ori- fice of the wound, and render it difficult to ftop the flux of blood ; and tho' the haemorrhage be flopped for a little time, yet it will often burft out again on a fudden violently, or at leaft produce a dangerous tumour called an aneurifm. This alfo will frequently be the cafe when only the external coat of the Artery is wounded, for by this means the internal coat of the Artery is left to fuftain the whole impulfe of the pulfa- tion which it being unequal to, is forced by degrees into a tumour like a bag, which frequently brings on great rnifchiefs. Heifler, p. 27.
ARTHRITES, in medicine. See Gout.
ARTHRITICA, in botany, a name given by fome to the prim- rofe. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.
ARTHRODIA, [Cycl) in natural hiftory, the name of a ge- nus of cryftal. Hill's Hift. of Foff. p. 189. The word is derived from the Greek ajflgaJ&jj, complex, or joined together. The bodies of this genus are cryftals, always found in complex maflcs, great numbers of them being al- ways joined together, and either incrufting and covering over the outfides of roundifh ftony nodules, or elfe lining the cavi- ties within fuch or other ftony nodules ; they are of the im- perfect kind, having only fingle pyramids, which are ufually very long, and very fhort and flender columns. The bodies on or in which thefe are found have been called by authors echi- nated or concave cryftalline balls. See Tab. of Foffils, Clafs. 3. Of this genus there are five known fpecies, 1. A colourlefs and very bright one, found fometimes cluftered together on the furfaces of fmall nodules, but more frequently in the ca- vities of flints, and very common in many parts of England ; particularly wherever there are chalk-pits that have flints in them. 2. A dull and whitifti one ; this has fliorter and more obtufe pyramids than the former, and is common in many parts of the kingdom, fometimes in the form of the echinated, fometimes of the concave cryftalline ball, and fometimes encruft- ingthenarrowfiiluresinftrataofftone. '3. Ablackifhonewith very fhort pyramids ; this is the hardeft and brighteft of all the cryftal clafs, tho' ufually found very fmall. It is frequent in the foreft of Dean in Gloucefterfhire, and is fometimes found among the other kinds about Briftol. 4. A very broad and blunt one, with a very fhort column ; this is found in Cora- wal, Yorkfhire, and fome other places, but no where fo plentifully as in Gloucefterfhire ; where it is generally found in the flaape of the echinated cryftalline ball. And, 5. One with a very long and narrow pyramid ; this is found in vaft abundance in Germany and Saxony; and not unfrequently with us in the infide of hollow ftony nodules, about Kings- Wefton in Gloucefterfhire, and in fome other places. Hill's Hift:. of Foff. p. 192. ARTICHOAK, in gardening. — We at prefent cultivate only one fort of Artichoak in the gardens about London, which is the red kind ; the green Artichoak was once in great repute, but it is now never planted.
The manner of propagating this ufeful plant, is from flips or fuckers taken from the old plant in February and March ; thefe, if planted in a good foil, will produce a good fruit the
