B A S
BAT
topied by Bartoli, and explained by Bellori, &\: Thofe of the arch of Severus by Suarefius. Vid. Fabric. Bibl. Ant. c. 5. §. 6. p. 125.
Some have alfo made maps and profpects of countries in bajfo rrluvo. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 6. p. 99.
BASTAGARII, in antiquity, a college or company at Rome, who carried the fifcal (pedes out of the provinces to Rome or Conftantinople. Hartung>0\\r£. Jur.Civ.Exerc. 3. c. 15. §. 55. The directors of thefe were called pr&pojtti bajiagarum. The word is derived from bajiaga, which properly imports the office of carriage or conveyance, data to 8drt*(t», portare. Tho' fome will have them called haftangarii, q. d. befit* an- garia, eb quod ' rujiicos angariabant, ad quintain bejliam prajian- dam. Du Cangc, Gloff Lat. T. j. p. 502. The denomination bajlagarii has alfo been given to thofe who carry the images of faints at proCeflions. Du Cangc, GlofT.
- Graec. T. 1 p, 182.
BASTARD {Cyd.) does not appear to have antiently imported any reproach. William the Conqueror makes no fcruple of afluming that appellation. His epiftle to Alan count of Bre- tagne begins, Ego IVilliclmus cognomento BaJiardus, Du Cangc, Gloff. Lat. T. p. 502.
If a bajiard begot under the umbrage of a certain oak in Knollwood in Staffordshire, belonging to the manor of Ter- 'Icy-Caffle, no punifhment can be inflicted ; nor can the lord, nor the bifhop, take cognizance of it. P/srr, Nat. Hift. Staf- ford, c. 8. §. 23. p. 2 7 g.
Bastard, in the fea "language, is ufed for a large fail of a gal- ley, which will make way with a /lack wind.
.Bastard is alfo ufed adjeetivcly, or in compofition with divers other words, to denote things of inferior or diminutive value. In this fenfe we meet with bajiard 'coral, bajiard alabafler, ba- Jfard amianthus, &c.
Bastard Jajfron is the fame with what is otherwife called fdf- Jtovjer 9 fometimes fcarlct-Jloivci-, as being ufed in dying fear- Jets, pfytt, Nat. Hift. Oxfordfh. c. 6. &. ?c. p. ice. Houebt Collect. T. 4 - N, 6. p. 361, ' " "
Bastard fcarlet is a name given to red dyed with bale madder, as coming ncarcft the Bow dye, or new fcarlet. Hought. Collect. N. 337. Vol. 2.. p. 370, feq.
Bastard, in refpect of artillery, is applied to thofe pieces, which are of an unufual or i legitimate make or proportion. Thefe are of two kinds, long and Short, according as the de- ject is on the redundant or defective fide. "The Jong bajlards, again, are either common or uncommon. To the common kind belong the double cuTverin extraordi- nary, half culverin extraordinary, quarter culverin extraordi- nary, falcon extraordinary, c5V. Fafcb. Ing. Lex. p. 72. The ordinary .&r//?<7?v/ culverin carries a ball of eight pounds. ^o^Elem.-Pyrat. §. 99.
Bastards are alfo an appellation given to a kind of faction or trocp of banditti, who rofe in Guyenne, about the beginning or" the -fourteenth century, and joining with fome Englifh par- tics, ravaged the country, and fet fire to the city of Xaintes. Mczer. ap. Diet, de Trev. T. 1 . p. 908. Mezeray fuppofes them to have confined of the natural fons of the nobility. of Guyenne, who being excluded the right of in- heriting from their fathers, put themfelves at the head of rob- bers and plunderers to maintain themfelves-!
BASTARDY is a defect of birth objected to one born oat of wedlock.
"Euftathlus will have baftards among the Greeks to have been in equal favour with'Iigitimatexhildren, as low as the Trojan war; but the courfe of antiquity feems agamffi him. Potter and others fhew, that there ;never was a time when bajiardy was not in difgrace. Pott. Arehjeol.1. 4. c. 15. p. 337, feq. Lakernak. An tig.. Graec. Sacr. P. 1. c. 6. §. 12.
Right af 'JJastajidYj Droit de batardife, in the French laws, is a right, in virtue whereof rhe effects of baffards dying intef- tate^ devolve to the king, -or the lord. Diet. deTrev. T. 1. p 900.
BASTONADO, Baftonade, the punifhment of heating or drub- bing a crimin 1 with a flick.
The word is formed of the French bajion, a flick or Staff*. The bajionade is a punifhment ufed both among the antient Greeks, Romans, and Jews, and ftill obtains among the Turks.
The Romans called it fujligatio, Jujiium admomt'io, or fujiibus £oedi, winch differed from the fagellatio, as the former was done with a ftick, the latter with a rod, or fcourge. The furtigation was a lighter punifhment, and inflicted on freemen ; the flagellation a feverer, and referved for flaves. It was alfo called tympanum, becaufe the patient here was beat with flicks, like a drum. Vid. Cah. Lex. Jur. p. 394. a. The penalty is much in ufe in the Eaftto this day. The me- thod there practifed is thus : the criminal being laid on his belly, his feet are raifed, and tied to a flake, held faff by offi- cers for the purpofe; in which poflure he is beaten by a cudgel on the foles of his feet, back, chin, isfc. to the number of one or more hundred blows. Calm. Diet. Bibl. T. i. p. 260.
BASTONJER, or B:Vtonier, in the French law, an antient ad- vocate, elected yearly according to Seniority, to be the head or matter of the community of advocates and attornies. He is
prefident of the board held for maintenance of the order, and difcipline of the palais. To him alfo belongs the commifhon of the inferior judges, when put under interdict, fo long as the interdiction lafls. Corniil. Diet, des Arts, T. 1. p. 97. Bastonier is alfo ufed for him who keeps the ftaffof a com- munity, and carries or follows it in proceflions. Corn. Diet, des Arts, ibid, BAT, in phyfiology, a mongrel or amphibious fort of animal, partaking both of the moufe and the bird, and flying, but with- out feathers.
The bat, called alfo by us lapwing, and Jlittermoufe, by the Latins, vefpertilio, fcems a medium between the quadruped and the feathered kinds ; but it partakes moil of the former tribe, agreeing only with the birds in the Sternum, and the pofition of its liver ; and with the quadrupeds in the kidneys, bladder, teeth, penis, tefticles, diaphragm, and lungs '. In reality, it only appears to be a bird by its flying. They lay themfelves up in winter in the drieft apartments of caves ; where plantinn- their talons to the roof, they cover their bodies with their wings, and fo hanging perpendicularly in great numbers, but fo as not to touch each other, they Deep for fome months b . — [ a Willugh. in Ray, Phil. Lett. p. 353. See alfo Boyle, Phil. Works Abr. T. 2. p. 186, feq. Vater. Phyf. Exper. §. 8. c. 3. p. 8x1. Lhuyd, in Ray, 1 c. p. 301. b Lhuyd, in Ray, Phil. Lett. p. 301.]
Travellers fpeak of a fort of bats in Golconda bigger than hens. Vid. Boyle, loo cit. p. 166.
In Brafil there is a large fpecies of this animal, which, if men lie afleep with their legs naked, will, it is faid, make a wound in them fo gently, as not to wake them, but fo deep r that they will fuck the blood at it, and leave the perfon in fome danger of bleeding to death. Pifo, Hift. Braf. p. to. Bat, in commerce, a fmall bafe filver coin, current in divers- parts of Germany and Switzerland at different prices. The bat, or fiadermoufe, at Nurenberg, is equal to four criot- zers ; at Zurich, to J- g of the French crown ; at Balil, Schaff- haufen, &c. to ^ ; and at Bern and Friburg to T % of the fame crown. Thefe laft are callet^wr bats. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 298. BATABLE Ground. See BATTABtE Ground, Cycl. BATARD1ERE, a place in a garden, prepared for the planting of fruit-trees in, which being tranfplanted thither from the nurfery, are to be placed in efpaliers, or elfewhere, to fupply the place of dead trees. Cbomel, Diet. OEcom. in voc. BATCHELORS, or Bachelors, {Cycl.) in the livery compa- nies in London, are thofe not yet admitted to the livery. Cowef, Interpr. in voc.
Every company of the twelve confifts of a matter, two war- dens, the livery, and the batcbelors, who are yet but En expec- tation of dignity in the company, and have their function only in attendance on themafter and wardens. Cowel, loc. cit. Batch elors is alfo a name given in the fix companies of mer- chants at Paris to the elders, and fuch as having ferved the offices, have a right to be called by the mafter and wardens to be prefent with them, and affift them in fome of their func- tions, particularly in what relates to the chef-d' oeuvres, or ma- iler -pieces of fuch as are candidates for being admitted mafters. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 207. in voc. Bacbelier. Batchelor is alfo particularly ufed for a man not married, or who is yet in a flate of a celibacy.
The Roman cenfors frequently impofed fines on old batcbelors. Dion Hallicarnaffeus mentions an old conftitution, by which all perfons of full age were obliged to marry. But the moft celebrated law of this kind was that made under Auguftus, called the lex Julia de mariiandis ■ordinibus \ by which batcbe- lors were made incapable of legacies or inheritances by will, unlefs from their near relations. This brought many to mar- ry, according to Plutarch's obfervation a , not fo much for the fake of raifing heirs to their own eflates, as to make themfelves capable of inheriting thofe of other men fr . — [ a wtp <pt\oroey. h Vid. LipJ. Excurf. ad Tacit. Annal. 1. 3. Tit. C. Sueton. in Oilav. c. 34.J
The rabbins maintain, that, by the laws of Mofes, every body, except fome few particulars, are obliged in confeience to marry at twenty years of age : this makes one of their 6 r 3 precepts. Hence thofe maxims fo frequent among their cafu- ilts, that he who does not take the decenary meafures to leave heirs behind him, is not a man, but ought to be reputed a homicide. Lycurgus was not more favourable : by his laws, batcbelors are branded with infamy, excluded from all offices civil and military, and even from the fhews and public fports* At certain feafts they were forced to appear, to be expofed to the public derifion, and led naked round the market-place. Ac one of their feaffs, the women led them in this condition to the altars, where they obliged them to make amende honorable to nature, accompanied with a number of blows, and lafhes with a rod at discretion. 'I o complete the affront, they forced them to fmg certain fohgs compofed in their own derifion. Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 5. p. 409, feq.
The Chriflian religion is more indulgent to the batchehr frate : the antient church recommended it as preferable to, and more perfect than, the matrimonial ffate. Jafepb, Hypomn. I. 5. c. 115.
In the canon law, we find injunctions on b»hbckrs, when
arrived
