B A U
BAY
Ofiate times, fleets are ranged m line of battle, like land ar- mies, and fight much after the fame order ; to the expediency of which fome objections may be made. Vid. Pref. Cond. of Navy, p. 23.
The antients had divers forms of fea batiks ; as the half-moon, circle, and forceps. In all thefe, not only the fhips engaged each other, and by their beaks and prows, and fometimes their frerns, endeavoured to dam. in pieces, or overfet and fink each other, but the foldiers alfo annoyed the enemy with darts and flings, and, on their nearer approach, with fwords and fpears, boarding each other by laying bridges between the fhips. Vid. Pott. Archseol GfrsecL 3- c. 21. p. 154, feq. By way of preparation, they took down their fails, and low- ered their marts, and fecured whatever might expofe them to the wind, choonng rather to be governed by their oars, Idem, ibid.
Battle is alfo ufed in fpeaking of the combats of brutes.
Jn this fenfe, we fpeak of battles between dogs, ■ battles of cocks, &c. Mouffet deferlbes a furious battle between two armies of wafps; which Derham takes rather to have been a venereal combat. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 382. p. 58..
Battle-J?^/., In cock-fighting, denotes a fight between three, five, or feven cocks all together ; fo as that the cock which frauds longeft, gets the day. Diet. Ruftic. T. r.
Battle-<7.v. The battle-nx was originally called fecuris Danica, beeaufc firft introduced into England by the Danes ; but be- ing adopted in thefe countries, we find it called in later writers fecuris Angkt, arid fecuris Scotica, the Englifh and Scot- tish axes. The grandees were them enriched with gold, "and befet with pearls. They were of that kind called bifennes, and have iince generally degenerated into h lbards or partifans, tho' we find them ftill retained, under their old denomination, by the band of gentlemen penfioners. Du Cavgc, Gloff. Lat. T. 4. p. 777.
EATTORY, a name given by the bans towns to their 1 maga- zines or factories abroad Savar. Supp. p. -4. The chief of thefe battories are thofe at Archangel, Novogrod, Berghem, Lifbpn, Venice, and Antwerp
BATTIP A, in the Italian mafic, the motion of the hand or foot in keeping or beating time.
Among Italian nruficians, we frequently find the words, A battuia, which import, in meafure, or beating each time equal- ly. This ufually occurs after what they call recitative/, which is rather declaiming than finging, and in which little or no meafure is obferv'ed. A battuia, then, denotes, that they are to begin again to mark or beat the time equally, BroJfhiQ..
Muf. p. 13.
BATUDA, a method of riming mentioned in fome middle-age writers, wherein the fifh are driven by beating the water with poles, till flocking into one place, they are the quicker caught, j Du Gunge, Glofl'. Lat. T. i. p. 508.
EAUDEKIN, Baldicum, and Baldakintjm, in our old writers, is ufed for cloth of baudekin, or gold ; or tifliie, upon which figures in filk, &e. were embroidered. But fome writers account it only cloth of filk. SeeDu Cange, Glofl*. Lat. voc. baklak'mus.
BAUHINIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, fo called from the names of the two Sauhines, famous for their botani- cal writings. The characters are thefe : the perianthium is of an oblong figure, and opens longitudinally on its lower fide, and is inclined oneway: its bafe alfo is divided into five leaves, which unite again at the top. The flower is com- pofed of five petals, which are undulated, and end in mrrow and reflex points ; the lower ones are fomewhat larger than the others ; and the ungues of all arc of the length of the cup: the ftamina are ten filaments ; nine of thefe grow together, forming a kind of cylinder, which opens in the lower fide ; the tenth filament ftan'ds below thefe, and is very long : the antberse are oval ; the tenth filament always has its antbera: ; the others more frequently want them ; the gcrmen of the piftil is oblong, and Hands upon a pedicle : the Ityle is capillary, and bends downwards : the ftigma is capitated, and affurgent: the fruit is a long pod, of a cylindrical figure, and contains only one cell, in which are placed a number of roundifh, but flatted, feeds in a row.
Linnasus obferves, that this character is founded on the Ame- rican fpecies of bauhinia ; and that, in a fpecies from Malabar, he found the upper nine ftamina not growing together into a cylinder ; fo that the fpecies of different countries are to be ex- amined, before that article of the character can be perfectly eftablifhed. Linna:i, Gen. Plant, p. 178. Plunder, 13. Hart. Malab, Vol 1. p 32.
BALM, mclija, in botany. See Balm and Melissa.
How to prepare the ens primum of baum, of which we meet with high commendations in Mr. Boyle, fee Ens primum,
BAVOSA, in ichthyology, a name given by the Italians to a fpecies of the ray-fifh, called by the modern authors leviraia, and rata oxyryncbus, and by the earlier authors, raja bos, bos marinus, and leioraia. It is diftinguifhed by Artedi by the name of the variegated ray, with ten prickly tubercles on the middle of the back. See fVillughby, Hift. Fife. p. 1 35. and the article Pholis.
BAURAC, an anient riarhe for nitre, but in fome places Ufed ma retrained feme* as not fignifying every thing that wad called by that name, but only one of two different falts that were confufedly called nitre. The Babylonians^ according to Encehus, div.ded the fait, called by others nitre in general into two kinds ; the one they termed the bitter and redifh nitre : this was probably the fait we now know under the name - of natrum, or the Smyrna foap-earth : the other, they fay s was acrid, but not bitter, and was ufed in feafoning their meat ; this laft they in particular called baurac, and diftinguifhed it from the other by that name ; and many are of opinion, that the nitre of thefe times, or common faltpetrej was known to them, and was the thing which they called baura;; and that the other fixed alkaline fait was what they properlv and dif- tinaiy called nitre. Phil. Tranf. N° 15a. bee alfo Mercah Metalloth. p 45. in not.
BAWD, a perfon who keeps a place of proftitution, or makes a trade of debauching women, and procuring or conducting cri- minal intrigues. ° Some think the word is derived from the old French baude t bold or impudent; tho' Verftegan has a conjecture which would carry it higher, viz. from bathe, antiently written bade, Shun. Etym. in voc.
In which fenfe, bawd originally imported no more than bath- holder, as if bagnios had antiently been the chief fcenes of fucfi proftitution. Verjhg. Reftit. Decayed Intellig. c. 10. p. 200. The Romans had their male as well as female bawds ; the for- mer denominated Intones andproagogi, among us panders: the latter Una:
Donatus, fpeaking of the habits of the antient characters in comedy, fays, LenopaUiis varii colon's utitur. But the antient lenones, it is to be obferved, furnifhed boys as well as girls for venereal fervice. Fair. Thef. p. 1378. in voc. leno Another fort of thefe merchants, or dealers in human flefh,were called mangones, by the Greeks J^tntfin, who fold eunuchs* flaves, &e.
By a law of Conftantine, bawds were to be punifhed by pour- ing melted lead down their throats. Vid. Pancir P 2 tit 2 p. 86. ' ' '
By the common law of England, a perfon may be indicted for keeping a bawdy-houfe, and punifhed by fine and imprifon- ment : and haunters of bawdy- boufes bound to their good be- haviour. See Coke, 3 Inff. 205 Hawkins, Pleas of theCrown s B. 1. ch 61. §, 2.
But it does not appear that the offence of being a bawd is in- dictable ; tho' that of keeping a bawdy-houfe is. See the ar- ticle Stews.
BAWLING, among hunters, U fpoke of the dogs, when they are too bufy before they find the fcent good. Gent. Recr. P, 1. p. 15.
BAY, (Cycl.) among huntfmen, is when the dogs have earthed 3 vermine, or brought a deer, boar, or the like, to turn head againft them. Cox, Gent. Recr. P. 1 p. 1 ^. In this cafe, not only the deer % but the dogs, are faid to bay. It is dangerous going in to a hart at bay, efpecially at rutting time; for then they are nerceft b . — [ a Id. ib. p. 17. b Id. p. 74, feq. There are bays at land, and others in the water.
Bay colour denotes a fort of red inclining to chefnut, chiefly ufed in fpeaking of horfes.
In this fenfe, the word bay is formed from the Latin baius, or badius, and that from the Greek 0«i&, a palm-branch : fo that badim or bay properly denotes color phcuniccus . Hence alfo, among the antients, thofe now called bay horfes, were deno- minated equi palmati. Menag. Orig. p. 86. a. Voff. Etym. p. 60. b. Du Cange, GloiT. Grasc. T. 1. p. 166. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 107. b. Kenn. GlofT. ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. baius. We have divers forts and degrees of bays ; as a light bay, a dappled bay, &c.
All bay horfes are faid to have black manes, which diftinguiihes them from forrels, which have red or white manes. Guill. Gent. Diet. P. 1 . in voc.
BAY-Jalt. Seethe article Salt.
Bay, in building, denotes any kind of opening in walls ; as a door, window, or even chimney. Davil. Archit. p. 419.
Bay a mirroir, in the manege, the fame as dapple-bay. See Dapple.
BAY-rr^, in botany. SeeLAURus.
Bay windows, are the fame with what we otherwife call bow windows. Skinn. Etym. in voc.
BAYARD, or Baiard, in fome old writers, is an appellative for a horfe. Kenn. Gloff. in voc. baius.
Hence the phrafes, blind bayard, bayard's watering, bayard's green, &c.
BAYONET (Cycl.)— The origin of the word is unknown; probably it came from the city Bayonne, where this we-ipon is faid to have been firft employed ; or perhaps from its being invented by fome engineer of that place. Jquin. Lex. Milit. T. 2. p. 299. in. voc Jtca fijlularia.
The bayonet, popularly called bagonet, ferves initead of a pike, wherewith the foot receive the charge of horfe Formerly the bayonet was made with a round handle, fitted for the bore of a firelock, and to be fixed therein after the foldier 2 had
